Bio-Nanocomposite Based on Edible Gelatin Film as Active Packaging from Clarias gariepinus Fish Skin with the Addition of Cellulose Nanocrystalline and Nanopropolis

Abstract

This study develops bio-nano composite gelatin-based edible film (NEF) by combining nanogelatin, cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), and nanopropolis (NP) fillers to improve the resulting film characteristics. The NEF was characterized in terms of thickness, swelling, pH, water content, solubility, vapor and oxygen permeability, mechanical properties, heat resistance, morphology, transparency, and color. The results showed that the thickness and swelling increased significantly, whilst the pH did not significantly differ in each treatment. The water content and the water solubility also showed no significant changes with loadings of both fillers. At the same time, vapor and oxygen permeability decreased with addition of the fillers but were not significantly affected by the loading amounts. The heat resistance properties increased with the filler addition. Tensile strength and Young’s modulus increased for the films loaded with >3% CNC. The elongation at break showed a significant difference together with transparency and color change. The greater the CNC concentration and NP loading were, the darker the resulting transparency and the color of the NEF. Overall results show a considerable improvement in the properties of the resulting NEFs with the incorporation of CNC and NP fillers.

Physicochemical and functional characterization of gelatin edible film incorporated with fucoidan isolated from Sargassum tenerrimum

“…The addition of other macromolecules such as polysaccharides, film preparation method, and drying process are factors influencing the thickness of gelatin-based films. Our results are in agreement with other studies (Hoque et al, 2010;Govindaswamy et al, 2018;Lupina et al, 2022;Ratna Aprilia et al, 2022). They found that a low increase in the thickness is usually due to the protruding construction formed during film formation by gelatin strands.…”

“…In complexes, there are electrostatic interactions that present enhanced thermal stability. Previous studies showed that gelatin‐based film formulations containing natural phenolic compounds can form a strong gelatin network with the phenolic molecules, able to raise the denaturation temperature and increasing the thermal durability of the films (Ratna Aprilia et al, 2022; Wang et al, 2019).…”

Development of Eco-Friendly Biocomposite Films Based on Opuntia ficus-indica Cladodes Powder Blended with Gum Arabic and Xanthan Envisaging Food Packaging Applications

“…These observed differences between the formed biocomposites blend films may be explained by the free volume theory of the glycerol effect, which increases the intermolecular spaces between the film chains, thus resulting in increased film thickness [ 40 , 48 ], as well as the increase in the solid content in the films containing GA and XG, which have the highest thickness values (0.124 and 0.105 mm, respectively). In fact, Ratna et al [ 15 , 50 ] stated that biocomposite edible film thickness can be increased by adding solid materials to composite film. Similarly, Kaya et al [ 51 ] observed that the inclusion of vegetable extract in chitosan-based film increased film thickness from 45.4 μm (control) to 99.2 μm.…”

Packaging films based on biopolymers from seafood processing wastes: Preparation, properties, and their applications for shelf‐life extension of seafoods—A comprehensive review

“…Due to their hydrophilicity, gelatin films have disadvantages such as high water solubility and low water vapor barrier properties (Nilsuwan, Guerrero, et al., 2019). Bio‐nanocomposite gelatin‐based edible film from dumbo catfish skin was prepared by combining nanogelatin, cellulose nanocrystal, and nanopropolis fillers, which significantly improved the properties of the resulting film characteristics (Ratna et al., 2022).…”