“…The results indicate the successful introduction of sulfate groups on the CNC surface . Additionally, the characteristic planes of (101), (101̅), (002), and (040) of cellulose I at 14.94, 16.68, 22.79, and 34.21°, respectively, are observed for the pristine cotton and CNC (Figure S2), suggesting the well maintenance of the crystalline domain of cellulose during the acid hydrolysis process. − The morphology of as-prepared CNCs is determined using TEM (Figure a), whose average length and width are calculated to be 183 ± 12 and 17 ± 2 nm, respectively; this is comparable to the relevant works. ,, As reported before, CNCs obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis are negatively charged due to sulfate groups (Figure S3). Herein, the ζ potentials of CNC/HEA/Glu suspensions with the Glu mass ratios of 0, 0.2, and 0.4 are −56.0, −55.4, and −53.1 mV, respectively (Figure b), which are greater than a critical value (−25 mV), guaranteeing the stable dispersion of CNCs in water without flocculation .…”