Bio-inspired mechanically adaptive materials through vibration-induced crosslinking

Diaryliodonium salts facilitate metal-free mechanoredox free radical polymerizations

“…The fields of self-healing and strain-strengthening materials will undoubtedly benefit from fundamental processes that can forge chemical bonds in response to mechanical inputs. In fact, several examples of mechanoredox polymer crosslinking [79][80][81] already exist, providing compelling arguments for accessing thermoset materials that may be inaccessible under thermal conditions. Furthermore, as photons are readily absorbed by chromophores or scattered by insoluble additives 82,83 , the ability to spatially focus mechanical energy will allow for the development of advanced, responsive macromolecular networks.…”

Piezoelectrically Mediated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization

“…[20][21][22] Later on, they disclosed piezoelectrically activated thiol-ene polymerization and disulfide bond cross-linking that opened up new avenues for sulfur-based polymer chemistry. 23,24 However, the further development of piezo-polymerization is deterred, as the less attention was put on the reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) techniques other than ATRP. [25][26][27][28] RAFT polymerization is one of the most popular RDRP techniques that shows good control over molecular weight and high end-group fidelity.…”

Current Biomaterial-Based Bone Tissue Engineering and Translational Medicine

“…In nature, bone adapts to the surrounding mechanical forces. The composite material adjusting to the mechanical environment has been constructed with variable modulus influenced by the force, time, and mechanical stirring frequency [ 84 ]. The piezoelectric ZnO contributes to the adaptability of the composite material, which determines the crosslinking reaction between mercaptan and olefin in the polymer composite gel to change its mechanical driving modulus.…”

“…The piezoelectric ZnO contributes to the adaptability of the composite material, which determines the crosslinking reaction between mercaptan and olefin in the polymer composite gel to change its mechanical driving modulus. The mechano-thiol-ene polymerization promotes organo-gel remodelling, and the mechanical activation of piezoelectric ZnO results in selective polymerization, reinforcing segments within the organo-gel matrix [ 84 ]. Thus, according to the loading position, the material could adjust to its modulus and stress distribution, similar to bone remodeling behavior, and the proper combination of different materials can optimize mechanically adaptive biomaterials for the BTE scaffold.…”