Bio-fabrication of thermozyme-based nano-biosensors: their components and present scenario

Abstract

An amalgamation of microbiology, biocatalysis, recombinant molecular biology, and nanotechnology is crucial for groundbreaking innovation in developing nano-biomedicines and sensoristics. Enzyme-based nano-biosensor finds prospective applications in various sectors (environmental, pharmaceutical, food, biorefineries). These applications demand reliable catalytic efficiency and functionality of the enzyme under an extreme operational environment for a prolonged period. Over the last few years, bio-fabrication of nano-biosensors in conjunction with thermozymes from thermophilic microbes is being sought after as a viable design. Thermozymes are known for their robustness, are chemically resistant toward organic solvents, possess higher durability for constant use, catalytic ability, and stability at elevated temperatures. Additionally, several other attributes of thermozymes like substrate specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity make them desirable in developing a customized biosensor. In this review, crucial designing aspects of enzyme-based nano-biosensors like enzyme immobilization on an electrode surface, new materials derived from microbial sources (biopolymers based nanocomposites), improvisation measures for sensitivity, and selectivity have been addressed. It also covers microbial biosynthesis of nanomaterials used to develop sensoristic devices and its numerous applications such as wastewater treatment, biorefineries, and diagnostics. The knowledge will pave the way toward creating consistent eco-friendly, economically viable nanostructured-based technologies with broad applicability and exploitation for industrial use in the near future.

Extremozyme-Based Biosensors for Environmental Pollution Monitoring: Recent Developments

“…Among salt-adapted proteins, enzymes demonstrate significant practical applicability. They can be employed to enhance the efficiency of biotechnological processes, including biosensing, in which hypersaline conditions result in the rapid inactivation of conventional enzymes [ 10 , 38 ].…”

“…The extremozymes used in biosensors addressing various fields of application include native, recombinant, and chimeric proteins from different classes: oxidoreductases (which catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions), kinases (catalyzing the phosphorylation of different substrates) and hydrolases (catalyzing the hydrolysis of different chemical bonds) [ 10 , 115 , 116 ].…”

“…Extremozymes represent a class of enzymes derived from microorganisms that thrive in extreme environments, such as hot springs, deep-sea hydrothermal vents, icy habitats, acidic lakes, soda lakes, or high-salt environments [ 10 , 11 ]. These enzymes have evolved to function optimally in extreme conditions, displaying remarkable adaptability and functionality in response to environmental stressors.…”

Recent Advancements in Nanobiosensors: Current Trends, Challenges, Applications, and Future Scope

“…Further, diagnostic technology development has been crucial to the advancement of medicine. The capability to detect viruses and pathogens by sensing connected nucleic acid sequences, proteins, cell receptors, organelles, enzymes, and several other biomarkers, can offer biomedical healthcare professionals, scientists, and researchers, a clear idea of patients conditions and disease pathways can be provided by the nanobiosensors [ 208 , 209 ]. However, several of the traditional assays presently accessible are time-consuming, need a macro capacity of analytes, and may lead to unpredicted false results.…”

Compost-derived thermophilic microorganisms producing glycoside hydrolase activities as new potential biocatalysts for sustainable processes

“…Today, biodetergents possess enzymes such as amylase, protease, cellulase, and lipase that are resistant to washing conditions. Additionally, thermozymes have been used in the creation of optical nanosensors and analytes creating innovation in developing nano-biomedicines and sensoristics [17].…”