“…However, it has been proposed that proteins, amino acids as well as secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, polyphenols, and terpenoids in CAFPE have significant roles in metal salt reduction and, furthermore, act as capping and stabilizing agents for synthesized nanoparticles. This is in agreement with the study by Mustapha et al (2023), mentioning CAFPE contains flavonoid, tannins, terpenoids, phenols, alkaloids, and saponins. For instance, this O-H group (phenol) in CAFPE form AgNPs by reacting with the Ag + ion in the metal salt, as reported by Rakhman et al (2022).…”