Bio-Evaluation, In-Vitro and In-Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Activity, Therapeutic Efficacy, and Genotoxicity of the Potentials of the Green Seaweed Valoniopsis Pachynema using Zebra Fish Larvae (Danio Rerio) as an Animal Model

Abstract

major component of the host's defense against many harmful agents, such as the invasion of foreign pathogens, physical injury, and other hostile immunological reactions, is regarded to be inflammation in general. 2,3 However, persistent, arthritis, rheumatoid, asthma, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, diabetes, cancer and psoriasis are only a few of the disorders that can be triggered by excessive or protracted inflammation. 4 Among these diseases, Psoriasis is one of the most frequent non-pathogenic skin conditions that have been identified so far. Psoriasis is a complex and multifaceted chronic inflammatory skin disease brought on by a confluence of hereditary and environmental factors. 5 About 2-3% of the inhabitants worldwide have psoriasis. Psoriasis is characterised by telangiectasia in the dermal papillae, hyperproliferation of keratinocytes, and recruitment of inflammatory cells to the epidermis. 6 Psoriasis is said to be caused because of the traumatic, environmental, or pharmacological stimuli that cause abnormal interaction among keratinocytes and various types of immune cell, results in exposed increase of pro-proliferative and inflammatory circuits in susceptible individuals. Certain clinical symptoms associated with this disorder are plaque, psoriasis, inverse psoriasis, Psoriasis vulgaris, palmoplantar psoriasis, erythrodermic psoriasis, pustular psoriasis and scalp psoriasis. [7][8][9][10] The entire skin surface of the body can also be affected. 11 Normal skin has a 30-day life cycle, but psoriasis has a 1.5-3-day life cycle. Nails and skin are frequently affected by psoriasis. Patients with psoriasis may also have concomitant conditions such as obesity, psoriatic arthritis, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases. 12 Consequently, it is also referred to as a T-cell mediated autoimmune illness. Interleukins (ILs), tumour necrosis factor (TNF-), and interferon-(IFN-) levels of inflammatory cytokines increase modestly in systemic circulation, but mostly in the dermis. Vascular-Endothelial Growth-Factor (VEGF) is created by mast cells, keratinocytes, and macrophages as a result of elevated levels of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. New blood vessels are created as a result, increasing blood flow. According to recent research, there are 25 genetic variations that cause psoriasis. The cause of psoriasis is immune system activation, and the psoriasiscausing gene has been found. This could give precise and effective treatments to treat psoriasis. 13