Bio Discarded from Waste to Resource

Abstract

The modern linear agricultural production system allows the production of large quantities of food for an ever-growing population. However, it leads to large quantities of agricultural waste either being disposed of or treated for the purpose of reintroduction into the production chain with a new use. Various approaches in food waste management were explored to achieve social benefits and applications. The extraction of natural bioactive molecules (such as fibers and antioxidants) through innovative technologies represents a means of obtaining value-added products and an excellent measure to reduce the environmental impact. Cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and nutraceutical industries can use natural bioactive molecules as supplements and the food industry as feed and food additives. The bioactivities of phytochemicals contained in biowaste, their potential economic impact, and analytical procedures that allow their recovery are summarized in this study. Our results showed that although the recovery of bioactive molecules represents a sustainable means of achieving both waste reduction and resource utilization, further research is needed to optimize the valuable process for industrial-scale recovery.

Anthocyanins from Agro-Industrial Food Waste: Geographical Approach and Methods of Recovery—A Review

“…Even though the organic material found in agro-industrial waste is a valuable source of components, only a few methods can guarantee the safety of the recovery, purification, and concentration of these bioactive molecules [ 21 ]. The source, activity, chemical characteristics, and end-use all influence the extraction of bioactive chemicals from agro-industrial waste [ 56 ].…”

Agro-Industrial Waste Management: The Circular and Bioeconomic Perspective

“…Traditional and novel approaches for extraction of bioactive molecules from organic agricultural and food wastes (Figure 8) include (a)solvent extraction (characterized by low processing cost and ease of operation) [120], (b) microbial fermentation (solid-state fermentation) [48,70,[134][135][136][137], (c) supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) [13,120,138,139], (d) subcritical water extraction (SCWE) (characterized by shorter extraction time, lower solvent cost, high quality product, and eco-compatibility) [13,120,138,140,141], (e) enzyme assisted extraction (EAE) (uses water as solvent, and employs enzymes such as α-amylase, proteases, chitinase, tanase, cellulase, β-glucosidase, xylanase, β-glucanase, and pectinase, which help to degrade cell wall structure and depolymerize plant cell wall polysaccharides, facilitating the release of linked compounds) [13,48,120,[142][143][144], (f) ultra-sound assisted extraction (UAE) [13,120,134,138,[145][146][147], pulse electric field-assisted extraction [13], and (g) micro-wave assisted extraction (MAE) (characterized by shorter extraction time, higher extraction rate, lesser solvent requirement, and lower cost) [13,120,134,[147][148][149]. Generally, the choice of applied extraction method and recovery rate depends on residue or waste type and bi...…”

“…Consequently, valorization of agricultural waste biomass and food wastes to functional materials is being promoted. Growth or culture media, packaging materials, biochar, biopolymers, bioplastics, single cell proteins (from microbial biomass), enzymes, organic acids, biofertilizers, and compost are materials derivable from agricultural residues [13,67,134,[163][164][165][166][167]. Biopolymers and bioplastics are highly biodegradable, biofunctional, biostable, and biocompatible and have wide applications in cosmetics, pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and beverage industries [13,168].…”

IoT-Based Waste Management System in Formal and Informal Public Areas in Mecca

“…Utilizing GPS information, the trucks receive the correct direction [ 30 ]. According to [ 30 , 31 ], more than half ration of the waste quantities in Makkah come from food. However, looking at the problem of the waste management system from another perspective, the population and residents’ attitudes directly influence the control of the waste management system.…”

“…The target of the study in [ 5 ] was treated by looking into urban growth in Makkah, specifically the Al-Khalidyah district, to realize the evolution of public areas in Makkah and the scale of facilities provided to local inhabitants according to inhabitants’ opinions on facilities provided in formal and informal settlements. Characterizing the philosophical scenario of a research study is essential due to its effects on the research method and results [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. However, the selected study model constitutes the procedural structure that is utilized to realize a particular social phenomenon.…”