Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Nguyen, Hoang Chinh; Nguyen, Mylinh; Su, Chia‐Hung; Ong, Hwai Chyuan; Juan, Horng-Yi; Wu, Shi Liang

doi:10.3390/catal11070812

Cited by 30 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 236 publications

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“…A comparison of the different types of biomass-based catalysts analyzed concerning FAME yield and catalyst amount is shown in Figure 7. The values are represented by the average of several reports that include data presented in tables and are, in this case, complemented with 14,33,34,84,[147][148][149][150][151][152] ; as reference for comparison, the homogeneous based catalysis (HBC) is also included. The 5% error bars show the nonsignificant difference in the use of one or another catalyst type concerning FAME yield, and the best cases are the use of HBC and the ash-based.…”

Section: Cao-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Tobío‐Pérez

Domínguez

Rodríguez-Machín

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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Summary Biodiesel is one of the most widely used alternative fuels to reduce exhaust emissions and the use of conventional fossil fuels. It can be synthesized from a transesterification reaction from vegetable oils or animal fats in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Some drawbacks of using homogeneous catalysts increased attention to heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production. Recently, heterogeneous catalysts derived from biomass have risen to the forefront of biodiesel production due to their sustainability, economical and eco‐friendly nature. In addition, they are easily recovered and constitute an alternative to eliminate biomass residues. This review highlights several biomass sources used as precursors for the production of heterogeneous catalyst. Furthermore, methods for preparing heterogeneous catalysts, the reaction mechanisms, catalyst advantages and drawbacks, their performance in biodiesel production, as well as the methodologies developed for their effective recovery are discussed in detail. Among lignocellulosic biomass‐based precursors, the paper takes into account those based on biochar, ash, carbonaceous substrate, and seed oil cake. Those catalysts obtained by both preparation methods (calcination and activation) have good catalytic activity for waste cooking oil or neat oils. Biomass ash or biochar‐based catalysts are also promising routes in biodiesel synthesis, but significant reductions in catalyst load, reaction time, temperature, and methanol‐to‐oil ratio must be reached.

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Section: Cao-basedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Tobío‐Pérez

Domínguez

Rodríguez-Machín

et al. 2021

Intl J of Energy Research

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“…Transesterification can also be catalyzed using homogeneous acidic catalysts. The most commonly used acids are sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), sulfonic acid, hydrochloric acid (HCl), organic sulfonic acid, and phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) [27]. Acidic catalysts are characterized by insensitivity to free fatty acids (FFAs) and moisture content; therefore, they can be used in reactions using oils with high FFA content as a source of triglycerides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil—Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO)

Szkudlarek,

Chałupka-Śpiewak,

Maniukiewicz

et al. 2024

IJMS

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Alkaline earth metal oxide (MgO, CaO, SrO) catalysts supported on BEA zeolite were prepared by a wet impregnation method and tested in the transesterification reaction of rapeseed oil with methanol towards the formation of biodiesel (FAMEs—fatty acid methyl esters). To assess the influence of the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio on the catalytic activity in the tested reaction, a BEA zeolite carrier material with different Si/Al ratios was used. The prepared catalysts were tested in the transesterification reaction at temperatures of 180 °C and 220 °C using a molar ratio of methanol/oil reagents of 9:1. The transesterification process was carried out for 2 h with the catalyst mass of 0.5 g. The oil conversion value and efficiency towards FAME formation were determined using the HPLC technique. The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were determined using the following research techniques: CO2-TPD, XRD, BET, FTIR, and SEM-EDS. The results of the catalytic activity showed that higher activity in the tested process was confirmed for the catalysts supported on the BEA zeolite characterized by the highest silica/alumina ratio for the reaction carried out at a temperature of 220 °C. The most active zeolite catalyst was the 10% CaO/BEA system (Si/Al = 300), which showed the highest triglyceride (TG) conversion of 90.5% and the second highest FAME yield of 94.6% in the transesterification reaction carried out at 220 °C. The high activity of this system is associated with its alkalinity, high value of the specific surface area, the size of the active phase crystallites, and its characteristic sorption properties in relation to methanol.

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“…Hence, eco-friendly and renewable energy sources are urgently needed. Biodiesel, a biomass-originated fuel, is produced globally as an alternative to petroleum diesel [1,2]. Compared with the use of fossil fuels, biodiesel substantially reduces greenhouse gas emissions [3,4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biodiesel Production through Electrolysis Using an Ionic Liquid, 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride as a Supporting Electrolyte

Aregawi

Nguyen

et al. 2023

International Journal of Energy Research

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Electrolysis is a promising approach for biodiesel production. However, low electrical conductivity of a reaction mixture results in a low reaction rate. Thus, this study developed a novel catalyst-free electrolysis process using an ionic liquid as a supporting electrolyte for biodiesel production. Various ionic liquids were assessed, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Emim]Cl) exhibited the highest electrical conductivity (4.59 mS/cm) and the best electrolytic performance for transesterification. Electrolysis in the presence of [Emim]Cl was subsequently optimized using response surface methodology to maximize biodiesel yield. A maximum biodiesel yield of 97.76% was obtained under the following optimal reaction conditions: electrolysis voltage, 19.42 V; [Emim]Cl amount, 4.43% ( w / w ); water content, 1.62% ( w / w ); methanol to oil molar ratio, 26.38 : 1; and reaction time, 1 h. Notably, [Emim]Cl could be efficiently reused for at least three cycles with a corresponding biodiesel yield of 94.81%. Moreover, the properties of the synthesized biodiesel complied with EN and ASTM standards. The findings of this study indicate that catalyst-free electrolysis using [Emim]Cl as a supporting electrolyte is an eco-friendly and efficient method for biodiesel production.

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Bio-Derived Catalysts: A Current Trend of Catalysts Used in Biodiesel Production

Cited by 30 publications

References 236 publications

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Biomass‐based heterogeneous catalysts for biodiesel production: A comprehensive review

Biodiesel Production by Methanolysis of Rapeseed Oil—Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Ratio in BEA Zeolite Structure on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Zeolite Systems with Alkaline Earth Oxides (MgO, CaO, SrO)

Biodiesel Production through Electrolysis Using an Ionic Liquid, 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride as a Supporting Electrolyte

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