Bio-active Compounds Isolated from Neem Tree and Their Applications

Sarah, Robeena; Tabassum, Baby; Idrees, Nida; Hussain, Mohd Kamil

doi:10.1007/978-981-13-7154-7_17

Cited by 31 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Secondly, further investigation into the mechanism of action of miramistin, ocimene, and thymoquinone would allow for a greater understanding of how these drugs exert their antifungal properties. Researchers have reported that thymoquinone and ocimene potentiate the mode of action of antibiotic compounds; however, research toward ocimene in this area is still lacking [ 67 , 68 , 69 ]. Nevertheless, as the studies conducted by Goyal et al (2017), Liu et al (2019), and Sarah et al (2019) [ 67 , 68 , 69 ] were outside the remit of internationally recognised protocols, their results should be reconfirmed utilising appropriate standard protocols such as those produced by CLSI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mould War: Developing an Armamentarium against Fungal Pathogens Utilising Thymoquinone, Ocimene, and Miramistin within Bacterial Cellulose Matrices

et al. 2021

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An increase in antifungal resistance has seen a surge in fungal wound infections in patients who are immunocompromised resulting from chemotherapy, disease, and burns. Human pathogenic fungi are increasingly becoming resistant to a sparse repertoire of existing antifungal drugs, which has given rise to the need to develop novel treatments for potentially lethal infections. Bacterial cellulose (BC) produced by Gluconacetobacter xylinus has been shown to possess many properties that make it innately useful as a next-generation biopolymer to be utilised as a wound dressing. The current study demonstrates the creation of a pharmacologically active wound dressing by loading antifungal agents into a biopolymer hydrogel to produce a novel wound dressing. Amphotericin B is known to be highly hepatotoxic, which reduces its appeal as an antifungal drug, especially in patients who are immunocompromised. This, coupled with an increase in antifungal resistance, has seen a surge in fungal wound infections in patients who are immunodeficient due to chemotherapy, disease, or injury. Antifungal activity was conducted via Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) M27, M38, M44, and M51 against Candida auris, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Aspergillus niger. This study showed that thymoquinone has a comparable antifungal activity to amphotericin B with mean zones of inhibition of 21.425 ± 0.925 mm and 22.53 ± 0.969 mm, respectively. However, the mean survival rate of HEp-2 cells when treated with 50 mg/L amphotericin B was 29.25 ± 0.854% compared to 71.25 ± 1.797% when treated with 50 mg/L thymoquinone. Following cytotoxicity assays against HEp-2 cells, thymoquinone showed a 71.25 ± 3.594% cell survival, whereas amphotericin B had a mean cell survival rate of 29.25 ± 1.708%. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of thymoquinone, ocimene, and miramistin against amphotericin B in the application of novel antifungal dressings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Mould War: Developing an Armamentarium against Fungal Pathogens Utilising Thymoquinone, Ocimene, and Miramistin within Bacterial Cellulose Matrices

et al. 2021

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“…In this regard, several herbals derivatives having hepatoprotective, anxiolytic, antidepressant, nootropic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-stress, anticonvulsant, cardio-protective, antitumor, anti-genotoxic, anti-Parkinson and immunomodulatory properties can be used to target inhibition of spike protein conformation. Recently, it has been approved to use them as the alternative antiviral inhibitor for COVID-19 patient treatment 28,29 . In view of the above considerations, in the future, we plan to investigate and determine the efficacy of the potential herbal candidates along with FDA approved drugs (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In order to fight against COVID-19 several medical strategies are developed by targeting the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein such as the development of viral vector and protein-based vaccines 25 and monoclonal antibodies treatment such as regeneron cocktail that blocks the virion by binding to RBD 26 , 27 . New efforts in novel therapeutics employing short peptides, proteins, and natural resources such as plant derivatives are yet new ways for disabling the virion at the level of the spike protein [28][29][30][31] . In this regard, a stabilized form of spike protein with all RBD in down or one (or two) RBD in the up conformation is desirable for vaccine and therapeutic development because this conformation displays most of the neutralizing epitopes that can be targeted by antibodies to prevent cell entry 6,32 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of structural and energetic differences between conformations of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Moreira

Guzman

Boopathi

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted modern societies and their economies. The resurgence in COVID-19 cases as part of the second wave is observed across Europe and the Americas. The scientific response has enabled a complete structural characterization of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome - novel Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Among the most relevant proteins required by the novel coronavirus to facilitate the cell entry mechanism is the spike protein trimer. This protein possesses a receptor-binding domain (RBD) that binds the cellular angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and then triggers the fusion of viral and host cell membranes. In this regard, a comprehensive characterization of the structural stability of the spike protein is a crucial step to find new therapeutics to interrupt the process of recognition. On the other hand, it has been suggested the participation of more than one RBD as a possible mechanism to enhance cell entry. Here we discuss the protein structural stability based on the computational determination of the dynamic contact map and the energetic difference of the spike protein conformations via the mapping of the hydration free energy by the Poisson-Boltzmann method. We expect our result to foster the discussion of the number of RBD involved during recognition and the repurposing of new drugs to disable the recognition by discovering new hotspots for drug targets apart from the flexible loop in the RBD that binds the ACE2.

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“…The aqueous extract of the branches was found to be effective against the Newcastle disease virus in embryonated SPF chicken eggs and SPF chickens. The plant is known to be rich in salanin, nimbin, azadirone, and azadirachtins ( Ong et al., 2014 ) and show potent antiviral activities ( Sarah et al., 2019 ).…”

Section: Medicinal Plants With Pharmacological and Biological Action mentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants

Oladele¹,

Ajayi

Oyeleke³

et al. 2020

Heliyon

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Despite the frightening mortality rate associated with COVID-19, there is no known approved drug to effectively combat the pandemic. COVID-19 clinical manifestations include fever, fatigue, cough, shortness of breath, and other complications. At present, there is no known effective treatment or vaccine that can mitigate/inhibit SARS-CoV-2. Available clinical intervention for COVID-19 is only palliative and limited to support. Thus, there is an exigent need for effective and non-invasive treatment. This article evaluates the possible mechanism of actions of SARS-CoV-2 and present Nigeria based medicinal plants which have pharmacological and biological activities that can mitigate the hallmarks of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 mode of actions includes hyper-inflammation characterized by a severe and fatal hyper-cytokinaemia with multi-organ failure; immunosuppression; reduction of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to enhance pulmonary vascular permeability causing damage to the alveoli; and further activated by open reading frame (ORF)3a, ORF3b, and ORF7a via c-Jun N- terminal kinase (JNK) pathway which induces lung damage. These mechanisms of action of SARS-CoV-2 can be mitigated by a combination therapy of medicinal herbs based on their pharmacological activities. Since the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 are multifactorial with co-morbidities, we strongly recommend the use of combined therapy such that two or more herbs with specific therapeutic actions are administered to combat the mediators of the disease.

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Bio-active Compounds Isolated from Neem Tree and Their Applications

Cited by 31 publications

References 84 publications

The Mould War: Developing an Armamentarium against Fungal Pathogens Utilising Thymoquinone, Ocimene, and Miramistin within Bacterial Cellulose Matrices

The Mould War: Developing an Armamentarium against Fungal Pathogens Utilising Thymoquinone, Ocimene, and Miramistin within Bacterial Cellulose Matrices

Characterization of structural and energetic differences between conformations of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

A systematic review on COVID-19 pandemic with special emphasis on curative potentials of Nigeria based medicinal plants

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