Binocular Vision and Stereopsis

Howard, Ian P.; Rogers, Brian

doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195084764.001.0001

Cited by 571 publications

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“…Eye position and orientation are often described as frontal-and lateral-eyed in the neurobiological literature (Hughes, 1977;Howard and Rogers, 1995). However, these frontal-and lateral-eyed descriptions do not directly translate to descriptions of orbit orientation in mammals (Cartmill, 1972).…”

Section: Orbit Convergencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Indeed, several of these studies have used orbit convergence as a proxy for binocular visual field overlap among mammals in general (Cartmill, 1974;Heesy, 2003). It is further assumed that the binocular field is synonymous with the zone of stereoscopic depth perception, the perception of solidity and threedimensional structure (Howard and Rogers, 1995). Ross (2000) found that orbit and visual field orientation were correlated when Tarsius, Galago, Saimiri, and Macaca were compared.…”

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On the relationship between orbit orientation and binocular visual field overlap in mammals

2004

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The orbital apertures of Primates are among the most convergent (i.e., facing in the same direction) among mammals. It is often assumed that orbit convergence is associated with binocular visual field overlap and stereoscopic depth perception in primates. Likewise, it is also assumed that orbit orientation reflects the shape of the visual field across mammals. To date, however, no study has demonstrated that orbit and visual field orientation are correlated, much less comparable, across mammals. In this study, data on orbit convergence were collected for a representative sample of mammals for which data on the extent of the visual field are available. Both standard and phylogenetically controlled comparisons were made. The results demonstrate that orbit convergence and binocular visual field overlap are significantly correlated and display a linear relationship. Based on orbit convergence, Primates as a group have the largest binocular visual fields among mammals.

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Section: Orbit Convergencementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

On the relationship between orbit orientation and binocular visual field overlap in mammals

2004

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“…In natural conditions, our sensation of depth is based upon many visual cues [34]. Some are binocular, such as DISPARITY [35], others are monocular like motion parallax. Motion parallax, generally recognized as an independent cue for perception of relative distances [36], provides robust estimates of absolute egocentric distances when combined with extra-retinal information about the observer's self-motion (see Box 2).…”

Section: Visual Cuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments

Kemeny

Panerai

2003

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

273

147

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The use of driving simulation for vehicle design and driver perception studies is expanding rapidly. This is largely because simulation saves engineering time and costs, and can be used for studies of road and traffic safety. How applicable driving simulation is to the real world is unclear however, because analyses of perceptual criteria carried out in driving simulation experiments are controversial. On the one hand, recent data suggest that, in driving simulators with a large field of view, longitudinal speed can be estimated correctly from visual information. On the other hand, recent psychophysical studies have revealed an unexpectedly important contribution of vestibular cues in distance perception and steering, prompting a re-evaluation of the role of visuo-vestibular interaction in driving simulation studies.Vehicle driving implies perception and control of selfmotion at a greater range of velocities than locomotion by walking. It is often considered to be a task dominated by visual information. However, it is well-established that other sensory information, such as that provided by the vestibular and PROPRIOCEPTIVE (see Glossary) channels, also contributes to the perception and control of selfmotion. Motivated by a recent renewed interest in the role and function of these non-visual sensory modalities, we aim in this review to re-evaluate the role of visuovestibular interactions in driving simulation experiments, and to assess how applicable driving simulation is to the real world for studies of vehicle dynamics or driver behaviour.In 1938 Gibson [1] proposed a psychophysical theory of perception for automobile-driving, defining a 'terrain of field of space' for the driver, with the car considered as a tool of locomotion and the driver aiming to drive in the middle of a 'field of safe travel'. In 1950 he described the visual perception of space [2] based on visual depth, distance or orientation stimulus variables. OPTIC FLOW, one of the most important visual cues he proposed, is defined as the visual motion experienced as a result of walking or driving, and it is thought to play a dominant role in the control of heading [3] and collision detection [4 -7]. However, regarding the control of the direction of movement in natural environments (i.e. walking), there is still disagreement over whether the structure of the flow [8,9] or the visual EGOCENTRIC DIRECTION per se [10,11] is the dominant source of information. It is not clear either whether the same strategies used for natural locomotion apply to driving situations where displacements occur at higher velocities. Interestingly, a new point of view on these controversial issues was recently provided by experiments performed in driving simulators [12]. However, Gibson's original theory also included a definition of the perceptual field of the car itself, bringing to the driver kinaesthetic and tactile cues. These ideas were applied to driving simulation from the early 1980s [13][14][15], and since then many simulator experiments have been carried out for...

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“…Ao contrário, como será visto, essa propriedade é relacionada, apenas, a uma estreita zona, cabendo mecanismos de supressão da binocularidade para as demais (1) , uma "inibição facultativa" (termo criado por Worth) (3) . Ou seja, a superposição de campos visuais, tratada como modelo para obtenção de benefícios perceptuais acaba exigindo, de modo paradoxal, que as informações não sejam simultânea e ubiqüitariamente aproveitadas.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Enquanto para coelhos a função binocular é a de provimento de campos visuais independentes, garantidos por órgãos visuais de cada lado da cabeça, nos primatas superiores (e no homem), a percepção visual do espaço se dá com base na frontalização dos olhos. Assim, coelhos gozam de uma extensa visão de "campo", cobrindo 360º, um escrutínio completo do espaço ao redor de seu corpo (1) , o que lhes propicia meios de fuga de predadores (2) . Já entre nós predomina a superposição praticamente completa dos campos visuais.…”

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Fisiologia da visão binocular

Bicas

2004

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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A visão binocular de seres humanos resulta da superposição quase completa dos campos visuais de cada olho, o que suscita discriminação perceptual de localizações espaciais de objetos relativamente ao observador (localização egocêntrica) bem mais fina (estereopsia), mas isso ocorre em, apenas, uma faixa muito estreita (o horóptero). Aquém e além dela, acham-se presentes diplopia e confusão, sendo necessária supressão fisiológica (cortical) para evitá-las. Analisa-se a geometria do horóptero e suas implicações fisiológicas (o desvio de Hillebrand, a partição de Kundt, a área de Panum), assim como aspectos clínicos da visão binocular normal (percepção simultânea, fusão, visão estereoscópica) e de adaptações a seus estados afetados (supressão patológica, ambliopia, correspondência visual anômala). INTRODUÇÃOBinocularidade, em seu sentido mais amplo, é o termo que se aplica à capacitação de apreender estímulos visuais com dois olhos. Entre as diferentes espécies que possuem esse atributo, os modelos da relação binocular, suas peculiaridades e fins são, entretanto, muito distintos. Enquanto para coelhos a função binocular é a de provimento de campos visuais independentes, garantidos por órgãos visuais de cada lado da cabeça, nos primatas superiores (e no homem), a percepção visual do espaço se dá com base na frontalização dos olhos. Assim, coelhos gozam de uma extensa visão de "campo", cobrindo 360º, um escrutínio completo do espaço ao redor de seu corpo (1) , o que lhes propicia meios de fuga de predadores (2) . Já entre nós predomina a superposição praticamente completa dos campos visuais. Tal superposição, ocasionando perda de 180º da discriminação visual do espaço (relativamente à do coelho) traria como vantagem, em contrapartida, a capacidade de percepção de "profundidades" de objetos nesse campo visual, isto é, a de percepção das localizações egocêntricas desses objetos (à distância deles ao agente da percepção).Tal assertiva de "vantagem filogenética" identifica-se como viés antropocêntrico e pode ser tomada como argumento equivocado a que faltam sustentações, tanto de causas como de efeitos. De fato, a percepção de distâncias egocêntricas não é necessariamente vinculada a essa superposição de campos, podendo ser dada por uma série de "pistas monoculares" tais como as de: a) interposição de estímulos (os mais próximos "cobrindo" os contornos e áreas dos mais distantes); b) tamanhos relativos das imagens (maiores para os de objetos mais próximos, menores para os dos mais distantes);

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Binocular Vision and Stereopsis

Cited by 571 publications

References 0 publications

On the relationship between orbit orientation and binocular visual field overlap in mammals

On the relationship between orbit orientation and binocular visual field overlap in mammals

Evaluating perception in driving simulation experiments

Fisiologia da visão binocular

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