Binocular vision

Blake, Randolph; Wilson, Hugh R.

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.10.009

Cited by 215 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…Generating an appropriate tool action presumably requires information about the three-dimensional (3D) characteristics of the object-given that the volumetric structure of the tool determines the way it is grasped and the type of actions that one can perform with it (Gibson 1979;Marr 1982;Westwood et al 2002). Although the 3D structure of both real objects and pictures are initially computed from 2D images projected onto each retina, for pictures the same image is projected to both eyes and therefore the stereo cues that are relevant for action are not available (Blake and Wilson 2011). Real, tangible objects, on the other hand, project slightly different images to each eye, and this stereo information indicates that the object is likely to be tangible and therefore affords physical interaction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming tool actions: Are real objects more effective primes than pictures?

et al. 2015

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Humans are faster to grasp an object such as a tool if they have previewed the same object beforehand. This priming effect is strongest when actors gesture the use of the tool rather than simply move it, possibly because the previewed tool activates action-specific routines in dorsal-stream motor networks. Here, we examined whether real tools, which observers could physically act upon, serve as more potent primes than two-dimensional images of tools, which do not afford physical action. Participants were presented with a prime stimulus that could be either a real tool or a visually matched photograph of a tool. After a brief delay, participants interacted with a real tool target, either by 'grasping to move,' or 'grasping to use' it. The identities of the prime and target tools were either the same (congruent trials; e.g., spatula-spatula) or different (incongruent trials; e.g., whisk-spatula). As expected, participants were faster to initiate grasps during trials when they had to move the tool rather than gesture its use. Priming effects were observed for grasp-to-use, but not grasp-to-move, responses. Surprisingly, however, both pictures of tools and real tools primed action responses equally. Our results indicate that tool priming effects are driven by pictorial cues and their implied actions, even in the absence of volumetric cues that reflect the tangibility and affordances of the prime.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Priming tool actions: Are real objects more effective primes than pictures?

et al. 2015

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“…1,2,5,12 However, perhaps the most important requirement of RPS is an a priori understanding of the anatomical relationships, e.g., if one knows the position of the MCA relative to the carotid artery, the RPS becomes infinitely easier.…”

Section: Rovot-m Technical Feasibility and Cranial Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Initial experience with a robotically operated video optical telescopic-microscope in cranial neurosurgery: feasibility, safety, and clinical applications

Gonen

Chakravarthi

Monroy-Sosa

et al. 2017

Neurosurgical Focus

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OBJECTIVEThe move toward better, more effective optical visualization in the field of neurosurgery has been a focus of technological innovation. In this study, the authors’ objectives are to describe the feasibility and safety of a new robotic optical platform, namely, the robotically operated video optical telescopic-microscope (ROVOT-m), in cranial microsurgical applications.METHODSA prospective database comprising patients who underwent a cranial procedure between April 2015 and September 2016 was queried, and the first 200 patients who met the inclusion criteria were selected as the cohort for a retrospective chart review. Only adults who underwent microsurgical procedures in which the ROVOT-m was used were considered for the study. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were retrieved from electronic medical records. The authors address the feasibility and safety of the ROVOT-m by studying various intraoperative variables and by reporting perioperative morbidity and mortality, respectively. To assess the learning curve, cranial procedures were categorized into 6 progressively increasing complexity groups. The main categories of pathology were I) intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs); II) intraaxial tumors involving noneloquent regions or noncomplex extraaxial tumors; III) intraaxial tumors involving eloquent regions; IV) skull base pathologies; V) intraventricular lesions; and VI) cerebrovascular lesions. In addition, the entire cohort was evenly divided into early and late cohorts.RESULTSThe patient cohort comprised 104 female (52%) and 96 male (48%) patients with a mean age of 56.7 years. The most common pathological entities encountered were neoplastic lesions (153, 76.5%), followed by ICH (20, 10%). The distribution of cases by complexity categories was 11.5%, 36.5%, 22%, 20%, 3.5%, and 6.5% for Categories I, II, II, IV, V, and VI, respectively. In all 200 cases, the surgical goal was achieved without the need for intraoperative conversion. Overall, the authors encountered 3 (1.5%) major neurological morbidities and 6 (3%) 30-day mortalities. Four of the 6 deaths were in the ICH group, resulting in a 1% mortality rate for the remainder of the cohort when excluding these patients. None of the intraoperative complications were considered to be attributable to the visualization provided by the ROVOT-m. When comparing the early and late cohorts, the authors noticed an increase in the proportion of higher-complexity surgeries (Categories IV–VI), from 23% in the early cohort, to 37% in the late cohort (p = 0.030). In addition, a significant reduction in operating room setup time was demonstrated (p < 0.01).CONCLUSIONSThe feasibility and safety of the ROVOT-m was demonstrated in a wide range of cranial microsurgical applications. The authors report a gradual increase in case complexity over time, representing an incremental acquisition of experience with this technology. A learning curve of both setup and execution phases should be anticipated by new adopters of the robot system. Further prospective studies are required to address the efficacy of ROVOT-m. This system may play a role in neurosurgery as an integrated platform that is applicable to a variety of cranial procedures.

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“…However, we lack a recognized "gold standard" test for binocularity as defined. Often stereopsis is used as a test of binocularity-perhaps more accurately as a surrogate for binocularity (Medicinenet.com, 2016;Blake & Wilson, 2011). Clinical stereopsis tests are limited as complete descriptors of binocularity, first in not being threshold tests, but rather measurements in discreet steps.…”

Section: Discussion: When Is a Monocular Stimulus Actually A Binoculamentioning

confidence: 99%