Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG

Alpers, Georg W.; Ruhleder, Mirjana; Walz, Nora; Mühlberger, Andreas; Pauli, Paul

doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2005.01.008

Cited by 69 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Scores on the German version of the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI; Laux et al, 1981) and on the German version of the Social Phobia Anxiety Inventory (SPAI; Fydrich, 2001) were somewhat higher than normative data (STAI: M = 41.8, SD = 10.2; SPAI: M = 3.3, SD = 0.9). However, they were well within the range of our previous student samples (Alpers and Gerdes, 2007;Alpers and Pauli, 2006;Alpers et al, 2005). One participant decided not to participate because of the aversive nature of the startle probe.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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We examined if emotional faces elicit physiological responses similar to pictures of emotional scenes. Forty one students viewed emotional scenes (negative, neutral, and positive) and emotional faces (angry, neutral, and happy). Heart rate, orbicularis oculi and electrodermal activity were measured continuously, and the startle reflex was elicited. Although the patterns of valence and arousal ratings were comparable, physiological response patterns differed. For scenes we replicated the valence-specific modulation of the startle response, heart rate deceleration, and the arousal-related modulation of the electrodermal response. In contrast, for faces we found valence-specific modulation only for the electrodermal response, but the startle and heart rate deceleration were modulated by arousal. Although arousal differences may account for some differences in physiological responding this shows that not all emotional material that is decoded similarly leads to the same psychophysiological output.

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Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Alpers

Adolph

Pauli

2011

International Journal of Psychophysiology

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“…It has been argued that facilitation of attention to threatening events occurs through feedback from the amygdala to sensory cortical regions (e.g. Alpers, Ruhleder, Walz, Muhlberger, & Pauli, 2005). Several brain imaging studies demonstrated that amygdala activation to the presentation of fearful stimuli is enhanced compared to neutral stimuli (Breiter & Rauch, 1996;LaBar et al, 1998;Morris et al, 1996), and that this fast amygdala response enables modulation of subsequent attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The time course of attentional bias to cues of threat and safety

Schmidt

Belopolsky

Theeuwes

2016

Cognition and Emotion

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“…Continuous CS-UCS parings (100%) usually results in rapid acquisition, but also in rapid extinction in human participants (LaBar, Gatenby, Gore, LeDoux, & Phelps, 1998). Therefore, a partial reinforcement schedule was chosen to decrease extinction learning (Phelps, Delgado, Nearing, & LeDoux, 2004) and, thereby, allow us to examine the impact of fear acquisition in a test phase where no more US were presented (see Alpers, Ruhleder, Walz, Mühlberger, & Pauli, 2005). Trials were separated by inter-trial-intervals (ITIs) ranging from 20 s to 35 s. During five ITIs in each block, a startle probe was delivered with inter-probe-intervals of at least 15 s. During fear conditioning, SCRs and startle eyeblink responses were measured as physiological indices of fear acquisition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

Pittig¹,

Schulz²,

Craske³

et al. 2014

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

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Individuals avoid stimuli which are associated with aversive experience to preserve safety. However, behavioral avoidance also causes impairments and prevents the individual from attaining positive rewards. Little is known about the link between fear acquisition and the development of behavioral avoidance in the presence of potential rewards. Therefore, two experiments investigated the impact of fear conditioning on a subsequent gambling task. In an experimental group (n ϭ 30) advantageous choices (higher reward probability) were linked to a fear-relevant stimulus that was associated with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (US) during fear conditioning (conditioned stimulus, CSϩ). A disadvantageous choice (lower reward probability) was, however, linked to a safe stimulus that was never associated with the US (CSϪ). In a control group (n ϭ 25), fear conditioning was followed by a similar gambling task with novel stimuli. A second experiment focused on individual predictors of avoidant decisions (n ϭ 81). Compared with the control group, individuals in the experimental groups avoided the advantageous CS ϩ choice despite fewer gains. The predictor analysis further clarified that avoidant decisions were pronounced in highly trait anxious participants who exhibited higher fear responses. On the other hand, findings also indicated a reduction in absolute avoidance across the task. Combined, these findings demonstrate that fear conditioning can lead to avoidant decision making, especially in vulnerable individuals. The resulting costs parallel impairments caused by behavioral avoidance. Such an emotional decision-making style may be a link between aversive experience and the development of habitual pathological avoidance. Introducing rewards for approach, however, may counteract avoidant decisions.

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Binocular rivalry between emotional and neutral stimuli: A validation using fear conditioning and EEG

Cited by 69 publications

References 40 publications

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

Emotional scenes and facial expressions elicit different psychophysiological responses

The time course of attentional bias to cues of threat and safety

Acquisition of behavioral avoidance: Task-irrelevant conditioned stimuli trigger costly decisions.

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