Binocular motility system and temporomandibular joint internal derangement: A study in adults

The Relationship Between the Stomatognathic System and Body Posture

“…(2003, 2004) suggested a much higher prevalence of ocular convergence defects in TMD adults presenting limited maximal opening, myofascial pain, and pain in the neck shoulder area, as well as in children with functional mandibular latero-deviation55,56 compared with healthy individual. In addition, TMD patients showed significantly lower binocular function, measured as convergence and positive fusional vergence, than did control healthy subjects 57. Connections were also observed with the cerebellum, and with many brainstem nuclei (nucleus of the solitary tract, dorsal reticular formation, cuneate nucleus), with the dorsal horn of the spinal cord (from C1-C5) and with the trigeminal primary afferent neurons 1,44–46,58,59…”

“…For example, efforts to maintain correct eye movement when the trigeminal nociceptive afferent stimulus is changing in intensity (trigeminotectal pathways) can lead to increased sensitivity (central fatigue), which causes progressive reduction in motoneuron recruitment and neurotransmitter synthesis, and concomitant loss of muscular force. Such central fatigue can be more severe in TMD patients than in healthy subjects, and it may explain the occurrence of ocular convergence defects 57. Moreover, if SS proprioceptive information is inaccurate, the control of the head position may be affected.…”

Interrelationships between dental occlusion and plantar arch

“…The stomatognathic system (maxilla and mandible, dental arches, salivary glands, nervous and vascular supplies, temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles) may influence muscular function in other parts of the body (Ishijima et al, 1998), range of movement in the hip (Fernández-de-las-Peñas et al, 2006), balance control (Bracco et al, 2004), gaze stabilization quality (Gangloff et al, 2000), ocular convergence, and fusional reserves (Cuccia and Caradonna, 2008).…”

Dental Occlusion and Ophthalmology: A Literature Review

“…Four studies [ 26 - 29 ] by Monaco et al . analyzed pupil dynamics in patients affected from temporomandibular disorders and in other patients affected by sleep apnea, two studies examined the role of surface electromyography of masticatory and postural muscles to investigate ophthalmic system [ 30 , 31 ], one article correlated dental occlusion, gaze and body posture [ 32 ], one article investigated the binocular motility system in patients suffering from TMJ internal derangement [ 33 ], one paper analyzes how dental occlusion modifies vision [ 34 ], two studies investigated connections between malocclusions and myopia [ 35 ] and astigmatism [ 36 ] and two publications investigated connections between mandibular deviations and vision [ 1 , 2 ].…”

“…Anatomic connections were shown between the trigeminal and oculomotor systems. In the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminus, which extends from the dorsal portion of the spinal trigeminal nucleus to the caudal part of the superior colliculus, connections associated with the extraocular muscles are present [ 33 ]. Buisseret-Delmas and Buiseret used a peroxidase injection into the oculomotor muscles as a marker that diffuses in the Gasser ganglium, in the pars interpolaris and caudalis of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, in the paratrigeminal nucleus, and in the dorsal horn of the cervical spinal cord [ 43 ].…”