“…When a positively charged group approaches a neutral DMPC bilayer, the positive surface charge density, σ , will increase and will give rise to a positive surface potential, . As a consequence of this, groups of the same charge will be repelled from the bilayer surface and the concentration of the hydrophobic ion immediately above the plane of binding, [Nor] Highly positive charged peptides typically exhibit a smaller ν than predicted by the number of charged groups, the socalled physical charge (11,26,33,34,37). In contrast, for small molecules such as hydrophobic ions (Nor, Trp), the charge sensed at the membrane surface can be similar to the total charge of the molecule (39).…”