Binaural Loudness

Sivonen, Ville; Ellermeier, Wolfgang

doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6712-1_7

Cited by 17 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…5 Here, it is presented that binaural loudness could be a cue for distance perception, as it is known that sound from the side is perceived louder. 10 The most obvious reason for higher loudness is that the head amplifies the sound coming from the side, in particular at frequencies that are important in music. To prove this phenomenon the measured head-related transfer functions (HRTF) of the CIPIC database 11 are analyzed.…”

Section: Listening Test Results and Binaural Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral reflections are favorable in concert halls due to binaural loudness

Lokki¹,

Pätynen²

2011

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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A recent study on perceptual difference in simulated concert halls showed that a concert hall renders stronger sound with more bass when the temporal envelope of a signal is preserved in the reflections [Lokki et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129, EL223-EL228 (2011)]. In the same study the lateral reflections were shown to contribute to the perceived envelopment and openness. Moreover, the listening test results suggest that lateral reflections contribute to perception of sound source distance. Here, it is shown that lateral reflections are beneficial due to their increasing effect on binaural loudness-the phenomenon known well in psychoacoustics, but not in architectural acoustics. The reflections from the side are amplified more than median plane reflections, in particular at high frequencies, due to the shape of the human head.

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Section: Listening Test Results and Binaural Loudnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lateral reflections are favorable in concert halls due to binaural loudness

Lokki¹,

Pätynen²

2011

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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“…Research on the influence of one modality on another abounds (e.g., vision on hearing; for a review of multisensory interactions in ratings of loudness see Fastl and Florentine, 2011). Sivonen and Ellermeier (2011) point out that binaural loudness constancy may be analogous to the visual phenomenon of binocular brightness judgments in which closing one eye does not make the world appear markedly less bright.…”

Section: B Multisensory Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This phenomenon is known as binaural loudness summation, BLS. Based on earlier work, it had been generally assumed that the binaural-to-monaural loudness ratio is equal to two for diotic or dichotic tones at the same loudness (for a review, see Hellman, 1991;Marks, 1978;Sivonen and Ellermeier, 2011). In other words, a tone presented to two ears is twice as loud as a tone presented to only one ear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Binaural loudness summation for speech presented via earphones and loudspeaker with and without visual cues

Epstein

Florentine

2012

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

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Preliminary data [M. Epstein and M. Florentine, Ear. Hear. 30, 234-237 (2009)] obtained using speech stimuli from a visually present talker heard via loudspeakers in a sound-attenuating chamber indicate little difference in loudness when listening with one or two ears (i.e., significantly reduced binaural loudness summation, BLS), which is known as "binaural loudness constancy." These data challenge current understanding drawn from laboratory measurements that indicate a tone presented binaurally is louder than the same tone presented monaurally. Twelve normal listeners were presented recorded spondees, monaurally and binaurally across a wide range of levels via earphones and a loudspeaker with and without visual cues. Statistical analyses of binaural-to-monaural ratios of magnitude estimates indicate that the amount of BLS is significantly less for speech presented via a loudspeaker with visual cues than for stimuli with any other combination of test parameters (i.e., speech presented via earphones or a loudspeaker without visual cues, and speech presented via earphones with visual cues). These results indicate that the loudness of a visually present talker in daily environments is little affected by switching between binaural and monaural listening. This supports the phenomenon of binaural loudness constancy and underscores the importance of ecological validity in loudness research.

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“…The stimulation at each of the two ears is aected to a dierent extent depending on the source azimuth. Thus the overall loudness resulting from a binaural loudness summation process is aected by the source location [3]. This eect has been mainly reported for high-frequency sounds, for which at-ear pressures are modied because of the perturbation of the sound eld by the head.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

Koehl¹,

Paquier²,

Hendrickx³

2015

Acta Acustica united with Acustica

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SummaryThe loudness related to a sound may vary according to the localization of its source. This phenomenon is described as directional loudness and has been mainly observed for high-frequency sounds and for sources located in the horizontal plane. Because of the acoustic shadow of the head, the left and right ear pressures are modied depending on the source azimuth and the global loudness resulting from a summation process may vary accordingly. But directional loudness has also been reported to occur at 400 Hz, where shadowing eects are usually rather small. It might therefore be suspected that directional loudness eects could be inuenced by other parameters involved in the localization process. In a previous study, a small but signicant increase of loudness with increasing interaural time dierence (ITD) was shown for low-frequency pure tones (200 and 400 Hz) at a low loudness level (40 phon). The present study aimed at getting insight into the potential cause and extent of this eect by assessing the loudness of similar pure tones lateralized with headphones by applying an interaural level dierence (ILD) in addition to an ITD and by measuring the eect of ITD at the hearing threshold. It showed signicant eects of both ILD and ITD on loudness, and no interaction between these factors. As the eects added even when the factors were contradictory, it supports the hypothesis that the eect is caused by the ITD itself and is not related to the localization process. However, the ITD eect was not signicant at the hearing threshold.

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Binaural Loudness

Cited by 17 publications

References 52 publications

Lateral reflections are favorable in concert halls due to binaural loudness

Lateral reflections are favorable in concert halls due to binaural loudness

Binaural loudness summation for speech presented via earphones and loudspeaker with and without visual cues

Effects of Interaural Differences on the Loudness of Low-Frequency Pure Tones

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