Binary scaling limits for hypersonic flight.

Ellington, D.

doi:10.2514/3.4284

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In hypersonic research area, there is binary scaling for non-equilibrium processes involving two-body molecular collisions [ 4 ]. This binary scaling parameter has been demonstrated for the blunt-body stagnation shock layer where the non-equilibrium process is dominated by the two-body dissociation reactions rather than the three-body recombination reactions [ 10 ]. However, the binary scaling is not applicable for air-breathing hypersonic vehicles such as X-43a and trans-atmospheric vehicles such as X-37b.…”

Section: Theory and Methods For Detonation Driversmentioning

confidence: 98%

On theory and methods for advanced detonation-driven hypervelocity shock tunnels

Jiang

et al. 2020

National Science Review

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This study describes theory and methods for developing detonation-driven shock tunnels in hypervelocity test facilities. The primary concept and equations for high-enthalpy shock tunnels are presented first to demonstrate the unique advantage of shock tubes for aerodynamic ground-based testing. Then, the difficulties in simulating flight conditions in hypervelocity shock tunnels are identified, and discussed in detail to address critical issues underlying these difficulties. Theory and methods for developing detonation drivers are proposed, and relevant progress that has advanced the state of the art in large-scale hypersonic test facilities is presented with experimental verifications. Finally, tailored conditions for detonation-driven shock tunnels are described, laying a solid foundation to achieve long test duration. This interface-matching key issue encountered in developing shock tunnels has been investigated for decades, but not solved for detonation drivers in engineering applications.

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Section: Theory and Methods For Detonation Driversmentioning

confidence: 98%

On theory and methods for advanced detonation-driven hypervelocity shock tunnels

Jiang

et al. 2020

National Science Review

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“…Thirdly, the binary scaling approach, strictly speaking, is built upon the hypothesis of a single species mixture. That approach has therefore limited application for more complex mixtures such as air [7]. Finally, as altitude decreases, density increases and both l D and l R become smaller.…”

Section: High-temperature Hypersonicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerospace Flight Modeling and Experimental Testing

Chazot

2021

Uncertainty in Engineering

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“…Chemical kinetics are dominated by two-body dissociation reactions in some regimes while three-body collision processes are relatively unimportant (Hall et al 1962;Hornung 1988), which is the reason why the binary scaling law is well suited for high-altitude airflow with coupled chemical non-equilibrium. Ellington (1967) examined the limitations of binary scaling for hypersonic flight and suggested that there exists a class of low-density hypersonic flows for which the binary scaling law is still applicable. Lee & Baker (1969) identified the controlling parameter for non-equilibrium air dissociation and ionization using a simplified set of boundary-layer equations and demonstrated binary scaling by comparing with axisymmetric solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Theoretical and numerical study of the binary scaling law for electron distribution in thermochemical non-equilibrium flows under extremely high Mach number

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Fluid Mech.

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The binary scaling law is a classical similarity law used in analysing hypersonic flow fields. The objective of this study is to investigate the applicability of the binary scaling law in thermochemical non-equilibrium airflow. Dimensional analysis of vibrational and electron–electronic energy conservation equations was employed to explore the theoretical reasons for the failure of the binary scaling law. Numerical simulation based on a multi-temperature model (translational–rotational temperature T, electron–electronic excitation temperature ${T_e}$ and the vibrational temperatures of ${\textrm{O}_2}$ and ${\textrm{N}_2}$ , $\; {T_{{v_{{\textrm{O}_2}}}}}$ and ${T_{{v_{{\textrm{N}_2}}}}}$ ) with two chemical models (the Gupta model and the Park model) was adopted to study the accuracy of the binary scaling law for electron distribution at high altitude with extremely high Mach number. The results of theoretical analysis indicate that the three-body collision reactions and the translation–electron energy exchange from collisions between electrons and ions, ${Q_{t - e\_ions}}$ , can cause the failure of the binary scaling law. The results of numerical simulation show that the electron-impact ionization reactions are the main reasons for the invalidation of the binary scaling law for electron distribution at high altitude with high Mach number. With an increase of free-stream Mach number, the negative effect on the binary scaling law caused by ${Q_{t - e\_ions}}$ cannot be ignored.

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Binary scaling limits for hypersonic flight.

Cited by 17 publications

References 5 publications

On theory and methods for advanced detonation-driven hypervelocity shock tunnels

On theory and methods for advanced detonation-driven hypervelocity shock tunnels

Aerospace Flight Modeling and Experimental Testing

Theoretical and numerical study of the binary scaling law for electron distribution in thermochemical non-equilibrium flows under extremely high Mach number

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