“…While the use of “pure water” is trivial for obtaining high-performance at a noble metal-free (Ni, Co, Fe, etc.) electrocatalysts [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], there is a growing concern about the water supply for H 2 electrolyzers [ 3 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 ]. It is argued that the access to this resource is already problematic and thus requiring large quantities of freshwater might become a concern if the water electrolysis technology is deployed more widely in the hot and arid regions that have very limited access to freshwater but significant access to seawater [ 19 , 20 , 21 ].…”