BIM LOD for facility management tasks

Abstract

Building information modeling (BIM) widely adopted in design and construction phase of the buildings, holds undeveloped possibilities for supporting Facility Management (FM) tasks in Operation & Maintenance (O&M) phase. The purpose of this paper is to define appropriate Level of Development (LOD) for different FM areas in order to enable FM-BIM for existing buildings during O&M phase. To do so, the customized LOD have been defined by existing literature review and facility experts. Then the required properties for each FM areas are implemented in two case studies. Conclusion demonstrated that more than 60 percent of properties defined as LOD500 are unnecessary to execute FM tasks. Besides, the categories of Services including Mechanical, Electrical and Plumbing (MEP) and fire systems requires more properties comparing with another categories and it needs specific LOD to leverage BIM in O&M phase.

BIM-enabled facilities management (FM): a scrutiny of risks resulting from cyber attacks

“…However, the post-occupancy phase is found to be the most critical in terms of the impact of cyber-attacks. A summary of the factors that support this finding are as follow (Alavi and Forcada, 2019; Amin, 2019; Apostolopoulos et al , 2016; Cui et al , 2018; Marmo et al , 2019; Mayo and Snider, 2016; Tang et al , 2020; Yaqoob et al , 2017): Very high volume of data are exchanged and stored in the FM organisations. A long-term (more than 10 years) of the data life cycle is estimated for the operations and maintenance phase. The FM working processes entail collaboration with various contractors, suppliers and providers of products and services. Hence, data is digitally exposed to various stakeholders involved in a BIM project. Increase of physical Security risk as a result of smart devices and sensors installed in the buildings, which can inherently cause danger to the health and safety of personnel and residents of the facility. …”

“…However, the postoccupancy phase is found to be the most critical in terms of the impact of cyber-attacks. A summary of the factors that support this finding are as follow (Alavi and Forcada, 2019;Amin, 2019;Apostolopoulos et al, 2016;Cui et al, 2018;Marmo et al, 2019;Mayo and Snider, 2016;Tang et al, 2020;Yaqoob et al, 2017) :…”

“…However, the postoccupancy phase is found to be the most critical in terms of the impact of cyber-attacks. A summary of the factors that support this finding are as follow (Alavi and Forcada, 2019;Amin, 2019;Apostolopoulos et al, 2016;Cui et al, 2018;Marmo et al, 2019;Mayo and Snider, 2016;Tang et al, 2020;Yaqoob et al, 2017): Very high volume of data are exchanged and stored in the FM organisations. A long-term (more than 10 years) of the data life cycle is estimated for the operations and maintenance phase.…”

“…Hence, the impact of a cyber-attack at the post-occupancy phase of a BIM project is deemed critical. The development of the BIM life-cycle cyber risk model (Figure 2) portrays various phases of a BIM lifecycle and their attributed LoD (Alavi and Forcada, 2019; Cassano and Trani, 2017; Hong et al , 2019; Hooper, 2015; Ikerd et al , 2013; Nilsen and Bohne, 2019), information content (Akcamete et al , 2011; Bryde et al , 2013; Hjelseth, 2010; Ikerd et al , 2013; Lea et al , 2015; Patacas et al , 2016) and potential cyber risk impacts at each phase (Abie, 2019; Dunn Cavelty, 2005; Griffin, 2019; Kabanda, 2018; Khajuria et al , 2017; Wamala, 2011; Wood et al , 2019). It also demonstrates a holistic view on the issue of cybersecurity, by presenting the risk impacts at each stage and clarifies the life span of each phase to enable comparison.…”

BIM-based Augmented Reality for Facility Maintenance Management

“…BIM can support FM tasks by acting as a data repository, locating equipment within a facility, and coordinating information from multiple systems (Burcin . Researchers focus on implementing BIM for different aspects of FM, such as: maintenance of warranty and service information (Arayici 2008;Singh et al 2011); quality control (Boukamp and Akinci 2007); asset management and monitoring (Alavi and Forcada 2019;Arayici 2008;B Becerik-Gerber et al 2012); energy management (Dave et al 2018;Wang, Pan, and Luo 2019); sustainability (Arayici et al 2011;Barnes and Castro-Lacouture 2009;Sacks, Treckmann, and Rozenfeld 2009); space management (Alavi and Forcada 2019;B Becerik-Gerber et al 2012;Cho, Alaskar, and Bode 2010); emergency management (Alavi and Forcada 2019;Wetzel and Thabet 2015); and retrofit planning (Mill, Alt, and Liias 2013). BIM implementation can be further extended to: preventive maintenance planning (Burcin Becerik-Gerber et al 2012;Chen et al 2018); building systems analysis (Burcin Becerik-Gerber et al 2012;Weygant 2011);commissioning processes (Burcin Becerik-Gerber et al 2012;Jiao et al 2013); and strategy planning (Burcin Becerik-Gerber et al 2012;Zou and Wang 2009).…”