“…Finally, cost is a major barrier to adoption. In anesthesia practice, an acupuncture session should cost an estimated 6 anesthesia time units (TU), but given the rarity of perioperative acupuncture treatments, payment has not been standardized and not all insurance companies reimburse for services [15]. Costs may additionally or alternatively be offset by savings that result from improved outcomes and shorter length of hospital stay, but this is speculative, given that cost-effectiveness studies are not yet in evidence and urgently need to be conducted.…”