This chapter focuses on issues central to bilingual assessment. It sets the stage by highlighting the complexities involved in the definition and classification of bilingualism and the need for appropriate bilingual assessment practices in research, educational, and clinical settings. Next, the chapter analyzes the weaknesses of traditional approaches to bilingual assessment. Historically, the assessment of bilingual children and adults has tended to follow monolingual norms, which stems from a fractional view of the bilingual. The monolingual bias is still in evidence today, as bilinguals tend to be assessed only in one language (often the L2). Furthermore, standardized tests, which entail discrete item testing of single measures (e.g., vocabulary and grammar), rather than the use of language for authentic communication, have commonly been used in educational and clinical settings. A problem with standardized testing is that the norming is typically based upon a monolingual native speaker population. A challenge facing researchers, educationists, and clinicians when assessing bilinguals is how not to underestimate or overestimate the bilingual individual's linguistic abilities. Recent (and current) research on bilingual assessment, based upon a more holistic view of bilingualism, has paved the way for the development of nonbiased approaches to bilingual assessment. These recent developments emphasize assessing bilinguals in each of their two languages, adaptation (of standardized tests) to local norms (rather than literal translation), the use of less formal alternatives (e.g., dynamic assessment, language samples analysis), as well as the use of language general measures (e.g., processing capacity). The chapter examines the change in perspective underlying current conceptualizations of bilingual assessment, and presents highlights of current research in the field. The article concludes with a consideration of the challenges involved in the implementation of nonbiased and less formal alternatives to bilingual assessment and the future initiatives necessary to meet these challenges.