Biliary Microbiota and Bile Acid Composition in Cholelithiasis

Abstract

<jats:p><jats:italic>Background</jats:italic>. A functional interplay between BAs and microbial composition in gut is a well-documented phenomenon. In bile, this phenomenon is far less studied, and with this report, we describe the interactions between the BAs and microbiota in this complex biological matrix. <jats:italic>Methodology</jats:italic>. Thirty-seven gallstone disease patients of which twenty-one with <jats:italic>Opisthorchis felineus</jats:italic> infection were enrolled in the study. The bile samples were obtained during laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease operative treatment. Common bile acid composition was measured by LC-MS/MS. Gallbladder microbiota were previously analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing on Illumina MiSeq platform. The associations between bile acid composition and microbiota were analyzed. <jats:italic>Results</jats:italic>. Bile acid signature and <jats:italic>Opisthorchis felineus</jats:italic> infection status exert influence on beta-diversity of bile microbial community. Direct correlations were found between taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid concentrations, and alpha-diversity of bile microbiota. Taurocholic acid and taurochenodeoxycholic acid both show positive associations with the presence of Chitinophagaceae family, Microbacterium and Lutibacterium genera, and Prevotella intermedia. Also, direct associations were identified for taurocholic acid concentration and the presence of Actinomycetales and Bacteroidales orders, Lautropia genus, Jeotgalicoccus psychrophilus, and Haemophilus parainfluenzae as well as for taurochenodeoxycholic acid and Acetobacteraceae family and Sphingomonas genus. There were no differences in bile acid concentrations between <jats:italic>O. felineus-</jats:italic>infected and noninfected patients. <jats:italic>Conclusions/Significance</jats:italic>. Associations between diversity, taxonomic profile of bile microbiota, and bile acid levels were evidenced in patients with cholelithiasis. Increase of taurochenodeoxycholic acid and taurocholic acid concentration correlates with bile microbiota alpha-diversity and appearance of opportunistic pathogens.</jats:p>

Biliary Diseases from the Microbiome Perspective: How Microorganisms Could Change the Approach to Benign and Malignant Diseases

“…A different rate of cultured bacteria in the bile of patients with brown pigment lithiasis (between 53% and 100%), cholesterol gallstones (between 9% to 34%), and black pigment stones (from 9% to 19.6%) has been consistently reported [53][54][55]. A very recent study aimed to investigate the possible relation between the most abundant bile acids and the microbiota in gallstone disease [56]. A significant direct correlation between taurocholic acid (TCA) and taurochenodeoxycholicv acid (TCDCA) and the bile microbiota alpha-diversity was reported.…”

Gallstone Disease, Obesity and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes Ratio as a Possible Biomarker of Gut Dysbiosis

“…The presence of bacterial amplicons belonging to Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes , and Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria phyla in the human intact gallbladder bile was proved by 16S rRNA gene sequencing [ 108 , 109 ]. Associations between alpha- and beta-diversity, a taxonomic profile of bile microbiota ( Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes phyla, analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing), and taurocholic and taurochenodeoxycholic bile acid levels were evidenced in 37 Russian patients with GSD [ 110 ].…”

“…So, when analyzing available studies of intestinal and bile microbiota in animals and patients with GSD [ 5 , 6 , 15 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 92 , 93 , 100 , 102 , 103 , 104 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 108 , 109 , 110 , 111 , 112 , 113 , 114 , 115 , 116 , 117 , 118 , 119 ] there were no unidirectional changes in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio. This situation with opposite results is typical not only for GSD.…”

Immunoglobulin A, an Active Liaison for Host-Microbiota Homeostasis

“…In parallel with the gut microbiota, the four dominant phyla are Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria in the bile microbiota [278]. The presence of liver fluke Opisthorchis felineus infection resulted in an increase of beta-diversity for the bile microbial community with members of the Spirochaetes phylum blooming and elevated abundance of Klebsiella spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Lactobacillus spp., Treponema spp., Haemophilus parainfluenzae and Staphylococcus equorum [278,279]. Another important finding was that the infected individuals had detectable levels of Veillonella dispar, Paracoccus aminovorans, Parabacteroides distasonis, Sphingomonas changbaiensis, Cellulosimicrobium spp., and Phycicoccus spp.…”