Biliary Helminthiasis: Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment

Abstract

Helminthes are a common cause of biliary obstruction in tropical countries and lead to complications as cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. This may require surgical or endoscopic intervention. Hepatic and extra-hepatic biliary tree infections occur most commonly by Ascaris lumbricoides, Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis felineus, and Fasciola hepatica. Other hepatobiliary parasites include O. viverrini, Fasciola gigantica, and Dicrocoelium dendriticum.