Biliary excretion of cadmium.

Elinder, Carl‐Gustaf; Pannone, Maud

doi:10.1289/ehp.7928123

Cited by 13 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(21 reference statements)

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“…In other mammals, the liver half-life has been estimated to be between 10 to 50% of the lifespan (WHO 1992). The actual excretion of cadmium through the bile has been studied in rats given repeated subcutaneous injections of cadmium (Elinder and Pannone 1979). These doses resulted only in a moderate increase of cadmium in the bile (average 0.014pg/rnl), compared to the almost 200 times higher level found in ringed seals in Greenland.…”

Section: Heavy Metals and Selenium Levels In The Bilementioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, mercury, zinc and selenium in ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) from Greenland and Svalbard

Dietz

Paludan-Müller²,

Agger

et al. 1998

NAMMCOSP

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Muscle, liver, and kidney tissue from 456 ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from eight areas in Greenland were analysed for cadmium, mercury, zinc and selenium. In general, cadmium concentrations were high in liver and kidney tissue, with geometric means of 7.79 and 33.5 μg/g (all data on wet weight basis), respectively. Muscle levels were considerably lower, at 0.067 μg/g. The concentration of mercury was relatively high in liver tissue with a geometric mean of 2.59 μg/g. Muscle and kidney mercury levels were somewhat lower, with geometric means of 0.210 and 0.956 μg/g, respectively.Cadmium and mercury levels were strongly dependent upon age and sampling area, as well as the interaction combinations, indicating that the accumulation of cadmium and mercury varies with age and area. Mercury accumulated in all three tissues throughout life, whereas cadmium in liver and kidneys peaked in the age group 5-10 years old where after it dropped significantly.Cadmium levels showed a tendency towards higher concentrations in the northern municipalities, which may be due to the higher cadmium levels in certain prey items in the northern areas. Mercury levels were higher in seals from East Greenland compared to West Greenland. Variations in feeding habits probably explain some of the differences in levels of cadmium and mercury in ringed seals from different geographical areas.Cadmium concentrations were correlated (both pairwise and partial) in the three organs. This was true for mercury as well, whereas only half of the combinations were significant for zinc and selenium. Cadmium was strongly correlated to mercury in all three tissues and zinc only in liver and kidneys. Mercury was only correlated to selenium in liver and not to zinc.High concentrations of cadmium were found in the bile from 58 ringed seals, and were about 10-fold higher than in muscle. The concentration of mercury in bile was relatively low, being only one third of the muscle level. The bile levels reflect that substantial amounts of especially cadmium are circulated through the bile. However, it is uncertain whether these amounts are actually excreted or reabsorbed in the intestine (enterohepatic circulation).

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Section: Heavy Metals and Selenium Levels In The Bilementioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium, mercury, zinc and selenium in ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) from Greenland and Svalbard

Dietz

Paludan-Müller²,

Agger

et al. 1998

NAMMCOSP

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“…After glomerular filtration and tubular resorption, the Cd-MT complex is rapidly degraded, and Cd2+ is re-incorporated into renal MT (63)(64)(65)108). During the period of slow translocation of Cd2+ from liver to kidneys, biliary excretion seems to contribute considerably to Cd2+ detoxification (109).…”

Section: Translocation Of Cd2+ From Liver To Kidneysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chelation of cadmium.

Andersen¹

1984

Environ Health Perspect

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The toxicity of cadmium is determined by chelation reactions: in vivo, Cd2+ exists exclusively in coordination complexes with biological ligands, or with administered chelating agents. The Cd2+ ion has some soft character, but it is not a typical soft ion. It has a high degree of polarizability, and its complexes with soft ligands have predominantly covalent bond characteristics. Cd2+ forms the most stable complexes with soft donor atoms (S much greater than N greater than 0). The coordination stereochemistry of Cd2+ is unusually varied, including coordination numbers from 2 to 8. Even though the Cd2+ ion is a d10 ion, disturbed coordination geometries are often seen. Generally, the stability of complexes increases with the number of coordination groups contributed by the ligand; consequently, complexes of Cd2+ with polydentate ligands containing SH groups are very stable. Cd2+ in metallothionein (MT) is coordinated with 4 thiolate groups, and the log stability constant is estimated to 25.5. Complexes between Cd2+ and low molecular weight monodentate or bidentate ligands, e.g., free amino acids (LMW-Cd), seem to exist very briefly, and Cd2+ is rapidly bound to high molecular weight proteins, mainly serum albumin. These complexes (HMW-Cd) are rapidly scavenged from blood, mainly by the liver, and Cd2+ is redistributed to MT. After about 1 day the Cd-MT complex (MT-Cd) almost exclusively accounts for the total retained dose of Cd2+, independent of the route of exposure. MT-Cd is slowly transferred to and accumulated in kidney cortex. The acute toxicity and interorgan distribution of parenterally administered Cd2+ are strongly influenced by preceding MT induction, or decreased capacity for MT synthesis; however, the gastrointestinal (GI) uptake of Cd2+ seems unaffected by preceding MT induction resulting in considerable capacity for Cd2+ chelation in intestinal mucosa, and this finding indicates that endogenous MT is not involved in Cd2+ absorption. The toxicity of parenterally administered Cd2+ is strongly enhanced when administered as complexes with NTA or STPP , but it is much decreased when administered as a complex with EDTA. In chronic oral exposure the toxicity and GI uptake of Cd2+ is not changed when Cd2+ is administered as a complex with the detergent formula chelating agents NTA, EDTA and STPP . The uptake of Cd2+ from ligated intestine in vivo was not affected by administration of Cd2+ as complexes with CYS or GSH, but significantly reduced by complexation with EDTA or BAL. The acute toxicity of orally administered Cd2+ is reduced when Cd2+ is administered as a complex with EDTA.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Toxicology of Cadmium and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs

Thévenod

Lee

2012

Metal Ions in Life Sciences

160

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The detrimental health effects of cadmium (Cd) were first described in the mid 19th century. As part of industrial developments, increasing usage of Cd has led to widespread contamination of the environment that threatens human health, particularly today. Rather than acute, lethal exposures, the real challenge in the 21st century in a global setting seems to be chronic low Cd exposure (CLCE), mainly from dietary sources. Ubiquity of Cd makes it a serious environmental health problem that needs to be thoroughly assessed because it already affects or will affect large proportions of the world's population. CLCE is a health problem that affects increasingly organ toxicity, especially nephrotoxicity, without a known threshold, implying that there is currently no safe limit for CLCE. In this chapter, we summarize current knowledge on the sources of Cd in the environment, describe the entry pathways for Cd into mammalian organisms, sum up the major organs targeted by acute or chronic Cd exposure and review the impact of Cd on organ function and human health. We also aim to put early pioneering studies on Cd poisoning into perspective in the context of recent ground-breaking prospective long-term population studies, which link CLCE to leading causes of diseases in modern societies - cancer, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, and of state-of-the-art studies detailing cellular and molecular mechanisms of acute and chronic Cd toxicity.

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Biliary excretion of cadmium.

Cited by 13 publications

References 20 publications

Cadmium, mercury, zinc and selenium in ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) from Greenland and Svalbard

Cadmium, mercury, zinc and selenium in ringed seals (<i>Phoca hispida</i>) from Greenland and Svalbard

Chelation of cadmium.

Toxicology of Cadmium and Its Damage to Mammalian Organs

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