Bilevel image watermarking for image authentication surviving JPEG lossy compression

Studies on independent component analysis for watermarking and nonlinear blind source separation

“…The embedding process is an addition of the watermark to the host image, either on luminance or color channels. It can take place on spatial domain [124,127] or transform domains such as full-image DCT transform domain, block DCT transform domain, DFT transform domain, and wavelet domain [55,144,168,169]. While watermarking on spatial domain is computationally advantageous, embedding on transform domain is usually claimed to be more invisible and secure.…”