Bile regulates the expression of major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on rat intestinal epithelium

Bioactive molecules in milk and their role in health and disease: The role of transforming growth factor‐β

“…It is also possible that postnatal up‐regulation is dependent on lumenal factors directly activating the IEC. Possible stimuli in the postweaning period include foreign antigens introduced in the diet 22 , 23 or cytokine components of bile 24 . Certainly, the timing of expression can be altered by delaying weaning 23 .…”

A role for the hepatobiliary system in IgE‐mediated intestinal inflammation in the rat

“…Recent research has established that high concentrations of cytokines such as TNFα can be delivered to the gut in the bile of rats [10] and humans [11]. Such cytokines have also been shown to remain active in that environment, where they are able, for example, to regulate the expression of MHC class II by the intestinal epithelium [12], and where they mediate tissue damage in our rat model of endotoxic shock [9]. Here evidence is presented suggesting that the hepatobiliary system plays an important role in IgE‐mediated reactions to antigens originating from the gastrointestinal tract lumen, and that two mast cell products, histamine and TNFα, are present in the bile of sensitized and challenged animals.…”

Impact of internal biliary drainage after pancreaticoduodenectomy

“…As to other infectious diseases, postoperative internal biliary drainage prevented them. This suggests one possibility that postoperative internal biliary drainage might improve the intestinal barrier and mucosal immune system, prevent bacterial translocation, and prevent systemic infectious disease [].…”