Bilateral pulmonary agenesis: prenatal sonographic appearance simulates congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Pulmonary agenesis—vascular airway compression and gastroesophageal reflux influence outcome

“…Complete absence of both lungs is extremely unusual and is incompatible with life [9]. Three cases reported here can be classified as unilateral PA associated with ipsilateral renal, facial, and radial ray malformations.…”

Prenatal Diagnosis of Isolated Right Pulmonary Agenesis Using Sonography Alone

“…Prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary agenesis is challenging because of the potential difficulty in distinguishing this anomaly from others with similar sonographic appearances, especially a mediastinal shift 7 , 22 , 28 , 34 , 35 . The common differential diagnoses with a mediastinal shift include a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, and pulmonary sequestration.…”

“…The common differential diagnoses with a mediastinal shift include a congenital diaphragmatic hernia, a congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, and pulmonary sequestration. Other less frequent differential diagnoses include isolated dextrocardia or dextroposition, emphysema, mediastinal teratoma, neuroblastoma, and heterotaxy syndrome 1 , 4 , 7 , 22 , 23 , 28 , 34 , 35 …”

Left pulmonary agenesis with single atrium simulating cardiac type of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection

“…11 2) Absence of development of the lung bud in the 4 th /5 th embryonic week leading to developmental failure of the associated structures. 2,11,12 3) Teratogenic or vascular injury. 12 4) Genetic abnormality though thought to be the most potential cause, the genetic characteristic of bilateral pulmonary agenesis remain controversial.…”

“…2,11,12 3) Teratogenic or vascular injury. 12 4) Genetic abnormality though thought to be the most potential cause, the genetic characteristic of bilateral pulmonary agenesis remain controversial. 10,12 5) Hochberg and Naclerio 13 explain the genesis of this condition on the basis of germ plasm defect.…”