Bilateral photoplethysmography analysis for arteriovenous fistula dysfunction screening with fractional‐order feature and cooperative game‐based embedded detector

Abstract

The bilateral photoplethysmography (PPG) analysis for arteriovenous fistula (AVF) dysfunction screening with a fractional-order feature and a cooperative game (CG)-based embedded detector is proposed. The proposed detector uses a feature extraction method and a CG to evaluate the risk level for AVF dysfunction for patients undergoing haemodialysis treatment. A Sprott system is used to design a self-synchronisation error formulation to quantify the differences in the changes of blood volume for the sinister and dexter thumbs' PPG signals. Bilateral PPGs exhibit a significant difference in rise time and amplitude, which is proportional to the degree of stenosis. A less parameterised CG model is then used to evaluate the risk level. The proposed detector is also studied using an embedded system and bilateral optical measurements. The experimental results show that the risk of AVF stenosis during haemodialysis treatment is detected earlier.

Levenberg-Marquardt Neural Network Algorithm for Degree of Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis Classification Using a Dual Optical Photoplethysmography Sensor

“…Stenosis is an abnormal narrowing of the vessels caused by calcification processes or vascular wall thickening processes by new materials which may lead to abnormal blood pressure [ 6 ]. In the HD process, the recommended blood flow for arteriovenous fistula is more than 600 mL/min and more than 400 mL/min for arteriovenous graft [ 7 , 8 ]. When there is insufficient blood flow due to the narrowing of vessels then the remedial process on the fistula is performed.…”

“…Deformation of each PPG pulse shape was important parameter to classify the degree of stenosis (DOS) in HD patients. In the previous study, the bilateral difference in PPG pulse shape between two hands was also associated with the stenosis [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ].…”

A Novel Classification Technique of Arteriovenous Fistula Stenosis Evaluation Using Bilateral PPG Analysis

“…In 2015, Wu et al measured the difference of blood volume changes between the right and left side of the PPG signal by utilizing a self-synchronization error formulation (SSEF). The degree of stenosis (DOS) can be expressed by a significant difference in rise time (RT) and amplitude (AMP) on bilateral PPG [ 10 ]. In clinical research, DOS has been demonstrated in numerous studies [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and became an appropriate reference to grade AVF stenosis.…”

“…The degree of stenosis (DOS) can be expressed by a significant difference in rise time (RT) and amplitude (AMP) on bilateral PPG [ 10 ]. In clinical research, DOS has been demonstrated in numerous studies [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 ] and became an appropriate reference to grade AVF stenosis. The pulse of bilateral PPG will progressively come to be asynchronous to every single heartbeat if vascular access turns into an obstruction on one side of the arm.…”

“…As mentioned in [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 12 ], DOS is an important parameter to help surgeons grade (classify) the severe of vascular access. To classify AVF stenosis associated with its DOS a novel noninvasive technique was executed in this study based on bilateral PPG analysis.…”