Bilateral Effects of Vaccination Against Infectious Bursal Disease and Newcastle Disease in Specific-Pathogen-Free Layers and Commercial Broiler Chickens

Abstract

Different infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) live vaccines (intermediate, intermediate plus) were compared for their immunosuppressive abilities in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) layer-type chickens or commercial broilers. The Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccination model was applied to determine not only IBDV-induced immunosuppression but also bilateral effects between IBDV and NDV. None of the IBDV vaccines abrogated NDV vaccine-induced protection. All NDV-vaccinated SPF layers and broilers were protected against NDV challenge independent of circulating NDV antibody levels. Sustained suppression of NDV antibody development was observed in SPF layers, which had received the intermediate plus IBDV vaccine. We observed a temporary suppression of NDV antibody development in broilers vaccinated with one of the intermediate, as well as the intermediate plus, IBDV vaccines. Different genetic backgrounds, ages, and residual maternal antibodies might have influenced the pathogenesis of IBDV in the different types of chickens. Temporary suppression of NDV antibody response in broilers was only seen if the NDV vaccine was administered before and not, as it was speculated previously, at the time the peak of IBDV-induced bursa lesions was detected. For the first time, we have demonstrated that the NDV vaccine had an interfering effect with the pathogenesis of the intermediate as well as the intermediate plus IBDV vaccine. NDV vaccination enhanced the incidence of IBDV bursa lesions and IBDV antibody development. This observation indicates that this bilateral effect of an IBDV and NDV vaccination should be considered in the field and could have consequences for the performance of broiler flocks.

Comparative Evaluation of HVT-IBD Vector, Immune Complex, and Live IBD Vaccines against vvIBDV in Commercial Broiler Chickens with High Maternally Derived Antibodies

“…Group responses for the evaluated parameters were analyzed and compared using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) where the significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. The statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package [33].…”

Historical Investigation of Fowl Adenovirus Outbreaks in South Korea from 2007 to 2021: A Comprehensive Review

“…Among the affected flocks, FAdV-4 was the only single serotype that was primarily responsible for HHS. Investigations of co-infections in FAdV-infected birds were not conducted, although the authors assumed that the live IBDV vaccines might have caused transient immunosuppression in the birds, thus exacerbating FAdV infections [65]. Choi and colleagues carried out a similar study focusing on nationwide FAdV incidents in chicken farms over the same time frame (2007-2010) as reported in Lim's study [55].…”

Comparison of infectious bursal disease live vaccines and a HVT-IBD vector vaccine and their effects on the immune system of commercial layer pullets

“…Furthermore, MLVs usually induce moderate to severe bursal lesions and immunosuppression that can impair the chicken's response to other vaccinations as demonstrated mainly under experimental conditions (Cholakova, 1985;Mazariegos et al, 1990;Saif, 1991;Kim et al, 1999;Rautenschlein et al, 2007;Massi et al, 2008;Gallardo et al, 2014). Vaccine-induced bursa lesions in commercial flocks, without molecular differentiation of the infecting IBDV strains, may easily be confused with field virus challenge (Rautenschlein et al, 2003).…”