Abstract:Carotid-cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are rare, pathologic communications of the carotid artery and the venous plexus of the cavernous sinus. They can develop spontaneously in certain at risk individuals or following traumatic head injury. Typical clinical manifestations include headache, proptosis, orbital pain, and diplopia. We report a case of bilateral carotid-cavernous fistulas associated with these symptoms and also with pituitary enlargement and hypopituitarism, which improved following surgical interventio… Show more
“…Pituitary enlargement in the setting of a CCF may occur as the cavernous sinus contains a venous plexus draining the anterior and posterior pituitary gland [8] . Abnormally high flow and pressure through the cavernous sinus may then impair normal venous drainage from the pituitary gland leading to enlargement [9] . Understanding this vascular relationship is important to prevent misdiagnosing pituitary pathology.…”
“…Pituitary enlargement in the setting of a CCF may occur as the cavernous sinus contains a venous plexus draining the anterior and posterior pituitary gland [8] . Abnormally high flow and pressure through the cavernous sinus may then impair normal venous drainage from the pituitary gland leading to enlargement [9] . Understanding this vascular relationship is important to prevent misdiagnosing pituitary pathology.…”
“…3 Meski jarang dijumpai, diagnosis CCF merupakan tantangan tersendiri karena manifestasinya mirip dengan penyakit lain. 3,4 Pasien dapat mengalami nyeri kepala mendadak, proptosis, diplopia, oftalmoplegia, nyeri mata, nyeri konjungtiva, kemosis, bruit orbital, hingga kebutaan. Namun di lain sisi, gejala CCF juga dapat berupa konjungtiva kemerahan, terutama pada tipe tidak langsung, sehingga tidak terdeteksi dengan baik.…”
Section: Pendahuluanunclassified
“…Namun di lain sisi, gejala CCF juga dapat berupa konjungtiva kemerahan, terutama pada tipe tidak langsung, sehingga tidak terdeteksi dengan baik. [3][4][5] Pasien dengan kecurigaan CCF harus menjalani pemeriksaan neuroradiologi, antara lain digital subtraction angiography (DSA), computer to-mography angiography (CTA), atau magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), yang dilanjutkan dengan intervensi neurovaskular. 4,5 Sari pustaka ini bertujuan untuk memberikan dasar mengenai kelainan CCF serta prinsip diagnosis dan tatalaksana terkini.…”
Section: Pendahuluanunclassified
“…Namun, diperlukan anamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik yang baik, disertai dengan modalitas radiologi yang tepat untuk membantu klinisi untuk menegakkan diagnosis secara dini. 1,4 CCF tipe A adalah tipe yang paling sering ditemukan, sekitar 75-80% dari seluruh kasus. Mayoritas CCF tipe A disebabkan karena trauma, terutama fraktur tulang basiler yang menyebabkan pecahnya arteri karotis interna yang berdampingan dengan sinus kavernosus.…”
Section: Klasifikasi Fistulaunclassified
“…11,12 Tanda lain yang jarang ditemukan adalah perdarahan intraserebral, perdarahan subaraknoid, dan perdarahan eksternal, seperti epistaksis. 4 CCF tidak langsung memiliki gejala yang lebih ringan karena beraliran dan bertekanan rendah, dan memiliki kemungkinan untuk resolusi secara spontan. Kemerahan konjungtiva adalah temuan yang paling sering, namun sering kali salah terdiagnosis sebagai konjungtivitis, episkleritis, atau kelainan tiroid.…”
Carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF) merupakan abnormalitas vaskular antara arteri karotis interna atau eksterna dengan vena di dalam sinus kavernosus. Fistula pada CCF dapat bersifat langsung (Barrow tipe A) atau tidak langsung (Barrow Tipe B, C, dan D). Etiologi tersering pada CCF tipe langsung ialah trauma dan ruptur vaskular, sementara CCF tipe tidak langsung umumnya ditemui pada pasien dengan komorbid hipertensi, kelainan jaringan ikat, kehamilan, dan diseksi arteri karotis interna. Tanda dan gejala CCF sangat bervariasi, mulai dari nyeri kepala mendadak, proptosis, diplopia, oftalmoplegia, kemosis, bruit orbital, hingga kebutaan, namun dapat pula berupa konjungtiva kemerahan. Pasien dengan kecurigaan CCF harus menjalani pencitraan neuroradiologi, dilanjutkan dengan intervensi endovaskular untuk menutup aliran fistula dan membiarkan arteri karotis terbuka. Dengan tatalaksana yang tepat, resolusi komplit diharapkan untuk terjadi pada semua pasien.
Carotid cavernous fistula is an abnormal communication between the carotid
arterial system and the cavernous sinus. We present an interesting, rare case of
bilateral spontaneous ‘Barrow type- C’ fistula treated presumptively as
conjunctivitis. A 66 year old patient presented in the eye casualty at North
Devon District Hospital in January 2016, referred from her General practitioner
complaining of bilateral red eyes. She was found to have large, prominently
diffused and engorged scleral blood vessels on both sides along with raised
intraocular pressures of 26mm of Hg bilaterally. The patient was diagnosed with
an indirect carotic cavernous fistulas bilaterally in view of the clinical and
radiology findings. Barrow type - C dural fistulas were reported to be seen
bilaterally on radiology findings. Patient was referred for interventional
treatment to the closest neurosurgical center where she had four failed attempts
of coil embolization after which she was referred to a second neurosurgery
center at Bristol where she underwent successful coil catheterization as the
treatment for her carotid cavernous fistula. Indirect carotid cavernous fistula
most commonly occur spontaneously. Bilateral spontaneous indirect carotid
cavernous fistula is a very rare diagnosis and and there are very few cases
reported in the literature without an underlying etiology or a known cause like
Ehlers -Danlos syndrome or diabetes mellitus. Bilateral spontaneous carotid
cavernous fistulas are difficult to diagnose due to mild symptoms and no history
of trauma. We conclude that carotid cavernous fistulas are a threat to the
vision if left untreated due to delayed diagnosis. We recommend considering
bilateral carotid cavernous fistula as a differential diagnosis in patients with
an ongoing history of red eyes or those unresponsive to conventional topical
treatment for conjunctivitis like symptoms.
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