Bikini and nearby atolls, Marshall Islands; oceanography (biologic) : Biologic economy of coral reefs

Sargent, Marston C.; Austin, Thomas

doi:10.3133/pp260e

Cited by 6 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Because the water of this area is constantly interchanged with the sea beyond, however; its hydrologic variations involve only slight changes in depth and chemistry and a somewhat wider temperature fluctuation. The organic productivity, chemical nutrients, and oxygen balance of parts of the Great Barrier Keef waters (Orr, 1933;Orr and Moorhouse, 1933) and of the Marshall Islands reefs and lagoons (Sargent and Austin, 1954) have been discussed and compared with other reef complexes in a way that suggests broad similarity in these features between reef-encircled waters. Orr (1933, p. 50-52) emphasizes the very slight year-round variation in phosphate and nitrate content of the Great Barrier Reef waters, resulting in absence of phytoplankton blooms but year-round steady numbers.…”

Section: The Barrier Reef Lagoon and Contiguous Fringing Reef Moatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Part 4. Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology

Cloud¹

1959

Professional Paper

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Introduction. ______________________________________ Purpose and scope of the work_____________________ Field methods and acknowledgments-_______________ Systematic identifications and other research aid____ Interpretation of the submarine topography__________ Significance of topographic criteria.-..______________ Inferred structural pattern_______________________ Gravity slides and density currents _________________ Shoal-water and shoreline ecology and sediments_____ General setting, procedure, and limitations_______ Substrate characteristics and sediment distribution__ Description. _______________________________ Comparison of sediments with those of other areas.. Approach to ecologic analysis.. ____________________ Broad ecologic pattern____________________________ Organic community______ _________________________ Habitat descriptions______________________________ Shoreline. _______________________________ Aggrading beach____________________________ Western beaches____________._______ Southern and eastern beaches________________ Biota of the beaches_________-.___________ Eroding coast._______________________________ Bluffs.________________________ Rubble coast______________________ Erosion surfaces.___________________________ Biota of the eroding coast___-___-____ Barrier reef lagoon and contiguous fringing reef moats. _.________________________ Lagoon proper and marginal limesand shelves. ___ Biotope I. Marginal limesand bottom with seaweed.____.__________ Biotope II.

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Section: The Barrier Reef Lagoon and Contiguous Fringing Reef Moatsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Part 4. Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology

Cloud¹

1959

Professional Paper

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“…Waters adjacent to coral reefs and seagrass beds show variations at a range of temporal scales (from hours to years). Diurnal changes in NEP and NEC and associated changes in pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2 ) of waters adjacent to coral reef organisms were first measured more than 60 yr ago (Seargent & Austin 1954, Odum & Odum 1955, Smith 1973). More recently, these variations have been further described by several others (Kayanne et al 2005, Yates & Halley 2006, Manzello 2010, Anthony et al 2011, Kleypas et al 2011, McGillis et al 2011, Santos et al 2011, Gray et al 2012, Price et al 2012, Smith et al 2013.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community metabolism in shallow coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, lower Florida Keys

Turk¹,

Yates²,

Vega-Rodriguez³

et al. 2015

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Diurnal variation of net community production (NEP) and net community calcification (NEC) were measured in coral reef and seagrass biomes during October 2012 in the lower Florida Keys using a mesocosm enclosure and the oxygen gradient flux technique. Seagrass and coral reef sites showed diurnal variations of NEP and NEC, with positive values at near-seafloor light levels >100-300 µEinstein m −2 s −1 . During daylight hours, we detected an average NEP of 12.3 and 8.6 mmol O 2 m −2 h −1 at the seagrass and coral reef site, respectively. At night, NEP at the seagrass site was relatively constant, while on the coral reef, net respiration was highest immediately after dusk and decreased during the rest of the night. At the seagrass site, NEC values ranged from 0.20 g CaCO 3 m −2 h −1 during daylight to −0.15 g CaCO 3 m −2 h −1 at night, and from 0.17 to −0.10 g CaCO 3 m −2 h −1 at the coral reef site. There were no significant differences in pH and aragonite saturation states (Ω ar ) between the seagrass and coral reef sites. Decrease in light levels during thunderstorms significantly decreased NEP, transforming the system from net autotrophic to net heterotrophic.

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“…But corals and other animals flourish as well on seaward slopes as behind reefs where the supposed food supply is much larger. On the assumption that oxygen production and consumption on a reef tract is a measure of organic productivity, Sargent and Austin (1954) found that productivity from unit areas on reefs is higher than in the waters of the open sea around them, and that reefs appear to be self-sustaining organic structures. They suggest that this is due in large part to the greater efficiency of the zooxanthellae and other fixed algae compared to planktonic algae.…”

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confidence: 99%

Chapter 20: Coral Reefs

Wells¹

1957

Geological Society of America Memoirs

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The beauty of color and form and the overwhelming variety of life on coral reefs are both legendary and real. Nowhere else in the seas is there such a bewildering range of living things, and perhaps nowhere else is the physical and biological pattern so uniform, characteristic, and widespread as in the coral reef. Reefs are scattered over an area of 190,000,000 square kilometers (68,000,000 square miles) wherever a suitable substratum lies within the lighted waters of the tropics beyond the influence of continental sediments, and away from the cool upwellings of the sea in the eastern parts of the ocean basins.Coral reefs are deterministic phenomena of sedentary organisms with high metabolism living in warm marine waters within the zone of strong illumination. They are constructional physiographic features of tropical seas consisting fundamentally of a rigid calcareous framework made up mainly of the interlocked and encrusted skeletons of reef-building (hermatypic) corals and calcareous red algae. The framework controls the accumulation of sediments on, in, and around itself. These sediments are derived from organic and physical degradation of the frame and organism associated with the reef constructors and have a bulk ten or more times as great as the frame itself. They are best developed where the mean annual water temperatures are approximately 23 25°C. No significant reefs occur where temperatures during the year fall below about 18°C, except for very short periods, although a few hermatypic corals and calcareous algae can maintain themselves in temperatures considerably below this. Coral reefs are thus confined to the tropical and near-tropical regions (PI. 9). The coral-reef biotope is a facies of the marine tropical biochore, and its "essential fauna and flora" consists of corals and calcareous algae, which dominate in numbers and volume and provide the ecologic niches essential to the existence of all other reef-dwelling animals and plants. In addition there is an "associated fauna and flora" of other sedentary organisms, which may be represented by relatively few species, and there is also the "epifauna and epiflora" of associated commensals, symbionts, and parasites living on and within the essential and associated organisms, and, finally, the "mobile fauna" of nektonic species.Corals play a major role on most living reefs, although they have not always done so in the geological past. They are closely followed in importance by encrusting calcareous algae. Sometimes the latter cement the corals, sometimes they smother them. The existence and potentials of reefs are largely conditioned by the ecologic requirements of hermatypic corals and calcareous algae. The close correlation among 609 on July 11, 2015 memoirs.gsapubs.org Downloaded from 1.610 MARINE ECOLOGY PER CENT OF SURFACE ILLUMINATION (M0T0DA, 1939) 0 ' 25 50 75 100 OXYGEN, CC/L (MOTODA 1940) FIGURE 1.-Graphic analysis of reef-coral distribution according to depth, oxygen, temperature, illumination, and radiant energy.on July 11, 2015 memoirs.gsap...

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Bikini and nearby atolls, Marshall Islands; oceanography (biologic) : Biologic economy of coral reefs

Cited by 6 publications

References 1 publication

Part 4. Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology

Part 4. Submarine topography and shoal-water ecology

Community metabolism in shallow coral reef and seagrass ecosystems, lower Florida Keys

Chapter 20: Coral Reefs

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