Bighorn hunting, resource depression, and rock art in the Coso Range, eastern California: a computer simulation model

Garfinkel, Alan P.; Young, David A.; Yohe, Robert M.

doi:10.1016/j.jas.2009.08.010

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…3. The Gilreath and Hildebrandt (2008) Coso rock-art study and our recent Coso bighorn sheep resource depression computer simulation and archaeofaunal review (Garfinkel et al 2010) provide ample evidence supporting a connection between the rate and character of Coso rock-art production and the rise and fall of human predation on bighorn.…”

Section: Symbolismmentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Bighorn were intimately tied into the local culture as elements of prestige and were central to large-scale religious ceremonies. This prestige, religion and hunting interplay led to excesses that ended with extreme bighorn population reductions -perhaps even local extirpation of their herds (Garfinkel et al 2010;Gilreath & Hildebrandt 2008). Hence, the Coso Range rock-art fluorescence was aimed at propagating bighorn.…”

Section: Hunting Religion Increase Rites and Overkillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hence, the Coso Range rock-art fluorescence was aimed at propagating bighorn. It was an attempt to ensure the return of game animals, human, plant and animal fecundity, and the health and well-being of the Coso people and their way of life (Garfinkel 2006;Garfinkel et al 2010;Gilreath & Hildebrandt 2008).…”

Section: Hunting Religion Increase Rites and Overkillmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If we can develop a persuasive argument that one of the central themes of Coso rock art is a focus on reproductive symbolism (human and animal fertility), this can help illuminate other aspects of the prehistoric record. Reconstructions of Coso region prehistory have posited that the peak period of Coso rock-art production and elaboration is correlated with a critical episode of resource depression involving the overharvest of local bighorn populations (Garfinkel et al 2010). 3 Additionally, the Coso region may have seen intense landscape conflicts fuelled by the in-migration of an exotic population -the Numic intrusion (Garfinkel 2007).…”

Section: Theoretical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive Symbolism in Great Basin Rock Art: Bighorn Sheep Hunting, Fertility and Forager Ideology

Garfinkel¹,

Austin²

2011

CAJ

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Coso Range rock drawings are a central subject and focus for debates positing alternative meanings and agents responsible for animal depictions in Great Basin prehistoric rock art. We present new evidence offering a middle ground between the divergent views of the 'hunting religion, increase rites and overkill' and the 'shaman, visions and rain-making' models. We argue that rock-art images, in general, possess multivocality and manifest imbricated conceptual metaphors operating on a variety of scales simultaneously. We recognize that Coso pictures, in one sense, metaphorically represent increase and renewal, human and animal fertility, and game animal magnification. Evidence for that perspective is presented including Coso bighorn with up-raised tails, 'spirit arrows', animals giving birth, those that appear pregnant, and an abundance of animals evidencing vitality and movement. Ritually adept shamans also appear to have often been the religious specialists or agents responsible for Coso rock art and the sources for fashioning these images were frequently visionary experiences.

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Section: Symbolismmentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Hunting Religion Increase Rites and Overkillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Hunting Religion Increase Rites and Overkillmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Theoretical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reproductive Symbolism in Great Basin Rock Art: Bighorn Sheep Hunting, Fertility and Forager Ideology

Garfinkel¹,

Austin²

2011

CAJ

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“…Attention to rock art in Madagascar is increasing (Middleton 2013(Middleton , 2010Radimilahy 2010), and emerging research on the rock art of southwestern Madagascar (Rasolondrainy 2011) should contribute important insights into forager engagement with broad landscapes, as similar research has done in other parts of the world (Balme et al 2009;Garfinkel et al 2010;Williams et al 2010).…”

Section: Ephemeral Forager Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forging Ahead By Land and By Sea: Archaeology and Paleoclimate Reconstruction in Madagascar

Douglass

Zinke

2015

Afr Archaeol Rev

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Madagascar is an exceptional example of island biogeography. Though a large island, Madagascar's landmass is small relative to other places in the world with comparable levels of biodiversity, endemicity, and topographic and climatic variation. Moreover, the timing of Madagascar's human colonization and the social-ecological trajectories that followed human arrival make the island a unique case study for understanding the dynamic relationship between humans, environment, and climate. These changes are most famously illustrated by the mass extinction of the island's megafauna but also include a range of other developments. Given the chronological confluence of human arrival and dramatic transformations of island ecologies, one of the most important overarching questions for research on Madagascar is how best to understand the interconnections between human communities, the environment, and climate. In this review paper, we contribute to the well-established discussion of this complex question by highlighting the potential for new multidisciplinary research collaborations in the southwest part of the island. Specifically, we promote the comparison of paleoclimate indicators from securely dated archaeological and paleontological contexts with Western Indian Ocean climate records, as a productive way to improve the overall resolution of paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental reconstruction for the island. Given new archaeological findings that more than double the length of Madagascar's human occupation, models of environmental transformation post-human arrival must be reassessed and allow for the possibility of slower and more varied rates of change. Improving the spatial and temporal resolution of paleoclimate reconstruction is critical in distinguishing anthropogenic and climate drivers of environmental change. It will also increase our capacity to leverage archaeological and paleoclimate research toward resolving modern challenges, such as environmental conservation and poverty alleviation.

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Discussion and Conclusions

Chacon

Mendoza

2011

The Ethics of Anthropology and Amerindian Research

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C e n t r e f o r U r b a n a n d C o m m u n i t y S t u d i e s • U n i v e r s i t y o f T o r o n t o • w w w . u r b a n c e n t r e . u t o r o n t o . c a 2 Gross density is not adequate for comparing densities or measuring intensification over time.The key issue in defining density is the distinction between gross and net density. Measures of gross density are easy to calculate and understand, but may be misleading, because very different types of land use are found in different places. Because some municipalities like Toronto are almost fully built-up and others have large amounts of undeveloped land, the use of gross or net measurements will make a huge difference in the way municipalities appear relative to each other. For example, Figure 2.1 shows that Mississauga has a higher gross population density than Brampton, but Figure 2.2 shows the reverse for net density. The same problem also emerges in the analysis of smaller units such as tracts or dissemination areas and in measuring changes in density over time. Different areas may have exactly the same amount of growth at the same intensity of development, but areas with smaller amounts of unbuilt land will appear to have grown denser than areas with larger amounts of unbuilt land, all else being equal. Clearly defining what should be included in net measures of density is complex and difficult.The various development patterns found throughout the region was shown in the analysis of CTs associated with Urban Growth Centres in Section 3. Ideally, all built-up lands should be included, but it is difficult to obtain consistent, reliable data and to define exactly what "built-up" means. Greenspace and protected lands are especially hard to define. For example, small neighbourhood parks are usually seen as integral to development and defined as part of the built-up area, but large tracts of protected, environmentally sensitive lands are not. In between these extremes are an array of sizes and types of open space protected to different degrees by different levels of government. Roads present a similar problem: local streets are seen as integral to development and are often included as "built-up," but limited-access highways serve regional purposes and do not provide direct access to development. Whether or not the rights-ofway for highways are included can substantially affect measured densities, without affecting the intensity of nearby development. Again, the Province needs to establish consistent criteria in this area.A consistent method of defining the boundaries of measurement units is critical to meaningful density measurement and monitoring. The modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) complicates the measurement of density. The size of the geographic units used and the location of their boundaries can have enormous impacts on the results. These problems are particularly acute in the analysis of census data. Boundaries and Census DataUsing census data to describe urban form and measure changes in density is subject to several problems. Census data on pop...

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Bighorn hunting, resource depression, and rock art in the Coso Range, eastern California: a computer simulation model

Cited by 10 publications

References 27 publications

Reproductive Symbolism in Great Basin Rock Art: Bighorn Sheep Hunting, Fertility and Forager Ideology

Reproductive Symbolism in Great Basin Rock Art: Bighorn Sheep Hunting, Fertility and Forager Ideology

Forging Ahead By Land and By Sea: Archaeology and Paleoclimate Reconstruction in Madagascar

Discussion and Conclusions

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