“…The reduction in carbon emissions depends on the type of ICE vehicle [30,31]; however, based on statistical data, an estimation of the average emissions by ICE cars in urban areas may be useful for calculations [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Moreover, the use of electric vehicles also contributes in reducing fuel consumption [38][39][40], which generates a preservation of the environment since the production of fuel for urban traffic also provokes carbon emissions.…”
This paper is focused on the determination of real driving ranges for electric vehicles (EV’s) and how it influences fuel consumption and carbon emissions. A precise method to evaluate the driving range of an EV can establish the correct reduction in GEI amount, mainly CO and CO2, ejected to the environment. The comparison of the daily driving range between an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle and an EV provides a useful tool for determining actual fuel saved during a daily trip and a method to compute carbon emissions saved depending on the type of ICE vehicle. Real driving range has been estimated on the basis of a daily trip consisting of five different segments, acceleration, deceleration, constant speed, ascent and descent, which reproduce the different types of driving. The modelling has been developed for urban routes since they are the most common and the most polluted environment where the use of electric vehicles is applied. The effects of types of driving have been taken into account for the calculation of the driving range by considering three main types of driving: aggressive, normal and moderate. The types of vehicle in terms of shape and size as well as dynamic conditions and the types of roads have also been considered for the determination of the driving range. Specific software has been developed to predict electric vehicle range under real driving conditions as a function of the characteristic parameters of a daily trip.
“…The reduction in carbon emissions depends on the type of ICE vehicle [30,31]; however, based on statistical data, an estimation of the average emissions by ICE cars in urban areas may be useful for calculations [32][33][34][35][36][37]. Moreover, the use of electric vehicles also contributes in reducing fuel consumption [38][39][40], which generates a preservation of the environment since the production of fuel for urban traffic also provokes carbon emissions.…”
This paper is focused on the determination of real driving ranges for electric vehicles (EV’s) and how it influences fuel consumption and carbon emissions. A precise method to evaluate the driving range of an EV can establish the correct reduction in GEI amount, mainly CO and CO2, ejected to the environment. The comparison of the daily driving range between an internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle and an EV provides a useful tool for determining actual fuel saved during a daily trip and a method to compute carbon emissions saved depending on the type of ICE vehicle. Real driving range has been estimated on the basis of a daily trip consisting of five different segments, acceleration, deceleration, constant speed, ascent and descent, which reproduce the different types of driving. The modelling has been developed for urban routes since they are the most common and the most polluted environment where the use of electric vehicles is applied. The effects of types of driving have been taken into account for the calculation of the driving range by considering three main types of driving: aggressive, normal and moderate. The types of vehicle in terms of shape and size as well as dynamic conditions and the types of roads have also been considered for the determination of the driving range. Specific software has been developed to predict electric vehicle range under real driving conditions as a function of the characteristic parameters of a daily trip.
“…S4 and 5 ), could also explain the observed discrepancy. The recently available big data based on mobile GPS data could be useful to estimate traffic dynamics at large spatiotemporal scales ( Yamagata et al, 2018 , 2019 ). These data could help interpret the measured CO 2 fluxes and reduce uncertainties associated with the gap-filling.…”
“…With the near ubiquity of GPS-equipped smartphones, more research can be done to investigate the actual walking behavior and movement patterns of pedestrians (Marra et al, 2019;Yamagata et al, 2019;Mooney et al, 2020). GPS apps can be used by pedestrians to identify and flag issues seen on the streets that affect their access and walkability, creating a real-time feedback mechanism that mitigates errors and omissions from memories and identifies the unstructured routes and shortcuts actually taken by pedestrians (Lue and Miller, 2019).…”
Urban sprawl and increasing population density in urban centers create the challenge to finding ways of sustainable transportation solutions that preserve the convenience of residents while reducing emissions. Therefore, walkability is a core urban design element because of being advantageous onto three fronts: health, livability, and sustainability. Adopting walkability as urban solution relieves conceptual and practical tensions between the individualistic interests manifested in the desire to own and use private cars, and the need to reduce transportation-based consumption. This review advocates that long-term health benefits from walking and physical activity are the premier incentive to repurpose our cities to be more sustainable and more walking friendly, and spark behavioral change into reducing car dependency for all daily transportations. The review inspects physical elements of the built environment that make the walking trip feasible and desirable, such as connectivity, accessibility, and closeness of destination points, presence of greenness and parks, commercial retail, and proximity to transit hubs and stations. Hence, this review explores a few popular walkability evaluation indices and frameworks that employ subjective, objective, and/or distinctive methods within variant environmental, cultural, and national context. There is no unified universal standardized walkability theory despite the need for rigorous evaluation tools for policy makers and developers. Furthermore, there is a lack of emphasis on air quality and thermal stress while approaching walkability, despite being important elements in the walking experience. Research opportunities in the field of walkability can leverage location tracking from smart devices and identify the interaction patterns of pedestrians with other transportation modes, especially for those with fundamental movement challenges such as wheelchair users.
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