Big Bang–Big Crunch Algorithm

Abstract

In this chapter, the big bang-big crunch (BB-BC), a global optimization method inspired from one of the cosmological theories known as closed universe, is introduced. We first, in Sect. 18.1, describe the background knowledge regarding the big bang and big crunch. Then, Sect. 18.2 details the fundamentals of BB-BC, the selected variants of BB-BC, and the representative BB-BC application, respectively. Finally, Sect. 18.3 draws the conclusions of this chapter. IntroductionCosmological theory is an exciting subject, because it shows how the universe happens, moves, and revolutions. One of the fascinating topics is where all of the stars and galaxies came from (and how, and why)? This question has long been explored by the physics. For example, two famous physics, i.e., Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein, believed that the universe is unchanging and introduced a term, called cosmological constant. However, this would prove to be a mistake. In 1929, astronomer Edwin Hubble discovered that the universe was expanding. He found that in the early universe, gravity was very strong, as a result of the concentration of matter in a very small space-so small, in fact, that it was compressed down to a single point. Thus, it would suffer an incredible pressure and has expanded ever since, known as the big bang. This event was controversial until 1965, when an accidental discovery supported the theory. Today, the most advanced astronomical observations show that the big bang theory is likely true.Scientists were originally very upset by the big bang theory, because they believed in an eternal universe (i.e., the universe does not change over time). However, they concerned soon with another question of what is the ultimate fate of the universe? One idea that was popular was that the universe would expand until gravity began to pull it back, resulting in a big crunch, where all matter returned to a single unified point-and then the cycle of expansion would start all over again. This hypothesis is known as closed universe. What happens after that? We cannot exactly tell for now. Big BangLiterally, every bit of matter and energy in our universe was created through a singular event (i.e., the unimaginable crucible of heat and light) that we call the big bang (Bauer and Westfall 2011). Just for the record, it was neither big (in fact, it was very small and fit onto the head of a pin), nor was there a bang. This event happened 13:73 AE 0:12 ð Þ Â 10 9 years ago. Although this theory is not perfect, and over time physics made efforts in order to make it more consistent. One thing is true that the universe was well on its way to becoming what we observe today: filled with galaxies, stars, planets, and all other sorts of strange and exotic things. Big CrunchOne hypothesis that the future of the universe is called big crunch model, which means that the universe contracts back into a point of mass. This will proceed almost exactly like the big bang, except in reverse. Whether the expansion of the universe will take place forever...

Using Black Hole Algorithm to Improve EEG-Based Emotion Recognition

“…On the other hand, techniques inspired by the collaborative behavior of some animals have been proposed in [ 56 – 59 ], among others. More sophistic techniques are inspired by spatial phenomena such as the gravitational search algorithm [ 60 ], the black hole algorithm [ 61 ], the big bang algorithm [ 62 ], and the big bang-big crunch algorithm [ 63 ] and others. Finally, genetic algorithms [ 64 ] and differential evolution [ 65 ] are two of the best-known techniques inspired by the process of natural selection.…”