Bifurcating American identity: partisanship, sexual orientation, and the 2016 presidential election

Flexible Nation: The Turkish Nation under the Justice and Development Party’s Rule

“…Turkey's evolution from a secular nation-state to an autocratic, Islamic, multi-ethnic empire-like structure under the Justice and Development Party rule aligns with Shelef's (2010) description of evolving national identities. Moreover, the evolution of the discourse used by the Justice and Development Party officials supports Barreto and Napolio's (2018) finding that the discourse used by the state officials such as Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump changed over time and according to incidents that happened in the USA. Further, as the inclusion of ethnic minorities and refugees into the nation based on their religion requires a boundary approach, Sarigil's (2018) explanation of boundary-making by the Kurdish movement is informative.…”

“…The membership to the nation and the nationalism can also change according to state-elites’ preferences and political parties. Barreto and Nicholas Napolio (2018) explain the different ways that state elites and different political parties perceive citizenship. According to Barreto and Napolio (2018, 9), in the United States, the Republican Party’s perception of national identity is “white, straight, and Christian,” but the Democratic Party has a more inclusive definition of national identity.…”

“…Barreto and Nicholas Napolio (2018) explain the different ways that state elites and different political parties perceive citizenship. According to Barreto and Napolio (2018, 9), in the United States, the Republican Party’s perception of national identity is “white, straight, and Christian,” but the Democratic Party has a more inclusive definition of national identity. They argue that this construction of the national identity is not rigid, and it has evolved over time.…”

One identity, two flags: Christian nationalists, the Israeli flag and national authenticity

“…According to creed adherents, ascriptive features such as race, ethnicity, and religion play no role in hindering the equality of all Americans. Nativists shun this interpretation in favor of a tiered alternative where straight, white, pious evangelicals are at the top and all others need to accept their place below (Barreto and Lozano, 2017; Barreto and Napolio, 2020). Among the latter are Christian nationalists—a group that “idealizes and advocates a fusion of Christianity with American civic life” (Whitehead and Perry, 2020: 10).…”