Bifunctional electrodes for an integrated water-electrolysis and hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell with a solid polymer electrolyte

Abstract

An alternative concept of an integrated water electrolysis/hydrogen-hydrogen fuel cell using metal electrocatalysts and a solid polymer electrolyte is described. Instead of operating both electrodes as hydrogen and oxygen electrodes respectively the electrodes are used as oxidation and reduction electrodes in both modes of operation. A more suitable selection of electrocatalysts and an improved cell design are possible; both can increase the efficiency of the cell co/Isiderably. New results on the electrocatalytic activity of various noble-metal containing catalysts with respect to both oxygen evolution and hydrogen oxidation in a proton exchange membrane-cell at 80 ~ are reported. Kinetic data derived from Tafel plots of the oxygen evolution polarization curves agree closely with those of experiments with aqueous sulphuric acid electrodes. This agreement allows the determination of kinetic parameters for electrocatalysts difficult to prepare in solid smooth electrodes but easy to be made into porous deposits. Polarization curves of the hydrogen oxidation reaction clearly indicate a relative activity rating of the studied catalysts. In cycling tests the lifetime stability of the new bifunctional oxidation electrode was determined. Polarization data obtained under these conditions agree with those obtained in earlier experiments where electrodes were exposed to only one type of oxidation reaction. During a test of 10 cycles (30 min of electrolyser and 30 min of fuel cell mode each) no changes in the electrode potential were observed. With the conventional cell design employing a hydrogen and an oxygen electrode both catalyzed with platinum and a current density of 100 mA cm-2 a storage efficiency of 50% was calculated; with the alternative concept of oxidation and reduction electrodes and selected oxidation catalysts this was improved to 57%. With further improvements these efficiencies seem possible even at current densities of 500 mAcm -2.

Electrocatalysis at Electrodes for Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

“…A comprehensive examination that attempts to find the critical roughness where further increasing roughness will actually provide added EASA which should be considered when calculating j 0 , is currently under way in the author's laboratory [106]. Actual correction of the value of j 00 initially recorded with respect to A geom and corrected by the roughness factor has been applied infrequently only [107,108]. For an attempt regarding various RFBs see [109].…”

“…Sometimes a change of j 0 by several orders of magnitude when for example going from a flat graphite disc to graphite felt is stated without even mentioning that most likely this is due simply to the enlarged (three-dimensional) surface area of the electrode [505]. Given the large number of methods available for the determination of electrochemically active surface areas [107] this appears to be a minor problem. Beyond the fact that many authors do not even mention this problem and are thus completely unaware of it, the data available from these methods have always been subject of heated debate.…”

The Stability Challenges of Oxygen Evolving Catalysts: Towards a Common Fundamental Understanding and Mitigation of Catalyst Degradation

“…Ahn et al. reported a Ru/Ir mixed oxide that ran for over 700 h in a PEM cell at 1 A cm −2 and 80 °C …”

Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: A Review on Developed Catalyst Systems and Bipolar Plates

“…A concept regarding the fabrication of bifunctional electrode has been reported, in which the employed electrodes were assigned the tasks of performing both the oxidation and the reduction reactions . Therefore, the hydrogen oxidation in the fuel cell mode and the oxygen evolution in the electrolysis mode were carried out on one electrode, i.e., the oxidation electrode, in an alternative basis.…”