Bifidobacteria and Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells: A New Approach to Colorectal Cancer Prevention?

Abstract

Colorectal cancer is the most preventable form of cancer worldwide. The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer includes gut inflammation, genetic and microbial composition factors. İmpairment of the gut microbiota has been associated with development of colorectal cancer. The genus Bifidobacterium is an important component of the commensal gut microbiota. Bifidobacteria are considered to have important roles in multiple homeostatic functions: immunologic, hormonal and metabolic. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are components of the immune system involved in protection against infectious pathogens and regulate the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases and, potentially, colorectal cancer. Engagement between Bifidobacterium and MAIT cells could exert a beneficial effect on colorectal cancer prevention and treatment.

The emerging role of probiotics as a mitigation strategy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

“…However, since immunological mechanisms play an important role in the course of the disease, a novel therapeutic approach involving probiotic bacterial strains might be promising because of their involvement in immune modulation [120,204,210]. In this regard, interleukin-17 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a crucial role in the adaptive immune system, and it is also a potent inducer of endoplasmic reticulum stress autophagy through inositol-requiring enzyme 1 [17,88]. By blocking this interleukin, autophagy mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation can be prevented [60,88].…”

“…By blocking this interleukin, autophagy mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation can be prevented [60,88]. Interestingly, Bifidobacterium strains have an inhibitory effect on interleukin-17 [17]. Consequently, administration of high doses of Bifidobacterium strains such as B. animalis subsp.…”

Probiotics in viral infections, with a focus on COVID-19: A Systematic Review

“…A brief report 39 claimed that high-single dose endoscopic administration of appropriate and reliableBifidobacterium Infantis (BB-12 ), as potential probiotic, or use of these strains' lipopolysaccharide membranes in vaccine development especially in patients with gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhea, abdomen pain, vomiting) can result in more therapeutic and preventive effects in Coronavirus-infected patients 40,41 . Consequently, Bifidobacterium animalistheoretically can inhibit the replication of coronaviruses by reducing ER stress-related autophagy, especially the inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) pathway, over its anti interleukin-17 effect 19 . Apparently, the main pathogenic mechanism that makes viral infection-induced pneumonia seems to be a "cytokine storm"; IL-6 is the main proinflammatory marker in this regard 42 .…”

“…Oral Lactobacillus casei ATCC 39392 vaccine polarized Th2 cell immunity and stimulated IL-17 expression against transmissible gastroenteritis coronavirus (TGEV) 18 , however, an anti interleukin (IL)-17 effect was observed for Bifidobacterium animalis 19 . In another study, the probiotic strain "heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 " was introduced as an IL-12 inducer in mice 20 .…”

The probiotic Bifidobacterium in the management of Coronavirus: A theoretical basis

“…Lactis-BB12 led to rapid mucosal healing in an ulcerative colitis patient. 7,19 This effect was related to the IL-17 inhibitory effect of the BB-12 strain. Zuo et al 20 showed that patients with COVID-19 had a significantly disrupted gut microbiome, characterised by enrichment of opportunistic pathogens and depletion of beneficial commensal bacteria.…”