Bidirectional perforators in the lower limb are not physiologically normal: A brief commentary

van Rij, André M; Hill, Brigid G; Thomas, Kate N

doi:10.1177/02683555231213146

Phlebology

2023

DOI: 10.1177/02683555231213146

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Bidirectional perforators in the lower limb are not physiologically normal: A brief commentary

André M van Rij,

Brigid G Hill,

Kate N Thomas

Abstract: The suggestion that bidirectional flow is a normal feature seen in venous perforators of the lower leg has been a longstanding debate. Newer published evidence has changed the perspective on normal perforator flow and is presented here to resolve the misunderstandings and different viewpoints previously held.

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2024

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Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges

Simka,

Czaja,

Kawalec

2024

Anatomia

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Veins of the lower extremity can be categorized into three hierarchically ordered groups: the epifascial, the interfascial, and the deep ones. In the past, the interfascial veins, e.g., the great saphenous vein, were categorized as superficial veins. But nowadays, experts recommend regarding these veins as a separate group because of their unique topography and clinical relevance. In order to better understand the venous anatomy of the lower limbs, which is highly variable, one should also comprehend their embryological development. Venous embryogenesis in the lower limb consists of three stages. During the first stage the primitive fibular vein is the main vein of the extremity. During the second stage it is replaced by the axial vein and finally by the femoral vein. In some adult individuals this embryonic or fetal venous anatomy is still present. Unfortunately, current anatomical textbooks and atlases, as well as traditional cadaver dissections, are not very useful regarding these issues. Therefore, undergraduate teaching of anatomy can be challenging. New educational tools, such as ultrasonography, seem indispensable to teach the anatomy of these veins properly.

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Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges

Simka,

Czaja,

Kawalec

2024

Anatomia

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

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Bidirectional perforators in the lower limb are not physiologically normal: A brief commentary

Cited by 1 publication

References 32 publications

Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges

Clinical Anatomy of the Lower Extremity Veins—Topography, Embryology, Anatomical Variability, and Undergraduate Educational Challenges

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