Bidirectional association between normative adjustment and bullying perpetration in adolescence: A prospective longitudinal study

Bullying and Cyberbullying Perpetration and Victimization: Prospective Within-Person Associations

“…Once the stable differences between individuals have been controlled for, a more accurate understanding may be provided on influence of time-variant variables and likely causal processes involved. In support of Hypothesis 2 and consistent with previous research (Boer et al, 2021 ; Cogo-Moreira et al, 2021 ; Davis et al, 2022 ; Romera et al, 2022 ), involvement in perpetration and victimization was stable for offline bullying, but not in cyberbullying. Such findings for offline bullying are consistent with those studies even when CLPM was employed (and thus without separating between- and within-person variance; Chu et al, 2018 ; Pabian & Vandebosch, 2016 ).…”

Aggressive and Defensive Behaviour, Normative, and Social Adjustment in the Complex Dynamics of School Bullying

“…Further analysis of the impact of psychosocial variables on aggressive and defensive behaviour over time showed that normative adjustment was negatively associated with aggressive behaviour and positively associated with defensive behaviour. This finding reveals that both aggressive and defensive behaviour is influenced by the level of compliance with the norms regulating the quality of peer relationships (Romera, Carmona, et al, 2022). However, prosocial behaviour was only positively associated with defence, which supports previous research results linking pro-social behaviour to defensive behaviour (Imuta et al, 2022).…”

“…This leads us to infer that adolescents with lower levels of normative adjustment develop aggressive behaviour if they perceive that their group norms dictate acceptance or moral indifference towards such behaviour. Likewise, these results suggest that individuals who have a greater adjustment to the norms are more likely to show defensive behaviour in the future, regardless of the type of group norms they were affected by ( Laninga-Wijnen et al, 2020 ; Romera, Carmona-Rojas et al, 2022 ; Romera, Luque-González et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Likewise, these results suggest that individuals who have a greater adjustment to the norms are more likely to show defensive behaviour in the future, regardless of the type of group norms they were affected by (Laninga-Wijnen et al, 2020;Romera, Carmona-Rojas et al, 2022;Romera, Luque-González et al, 2022).…”

“…Social adjustment is defined as the extent to which a person develops socially accepted behaviour which allows their behaviour to fit in with their immediate social context ( Gómez-Ortiz et al, 2017 ; Vaughn et al, 2009 ). Previous research has recognized the role of social adjustment and normative adjustment in involvement in bullying ( Romera, Carmona-Rojas et al, 2022 ; Romera, Luque-González et al, 2022 ), identifying an inverse relationship between levels of social and normative adjustment and the phenomena of aggression. However, there has not been much research into this relationship as regards defensive behaviour.…”