Bidirectional Association Between Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Women

Abstract

Background Although it has been hypothesized that the diabetes-depression relation is bidirectional, few studies have addressed this hypothesis in a prospective setting. Methods A total of 65381 women aged 50–75 years in 1996 were followed until 2006. Clinical depression was defined as having diagnosed depression or using antidepressants, and depressed mood was defined as having clinical depression or severe depressive symptomatology, i.e., a Mental Health Index (MHI-5) score ≤52. Self-reported type 2 diabetes was confirmed using a supplementary questionnaire validated by medical record review. Results During 10-year follow-up (531097 person-years), 2844 incident cases of type 2 diabetes were documented. Compared to referents (MHI-5 score 86–100) who had the least depressive symptomatology, participants with increased severity of symptoms (MHI-5 score 76–85, 53–75, depressed mood) showed a monotonic elevated risk of developing type 2 diabetes (P for trend = 0.002). The relative risk (RR) for individuals with depressed mood was 1.17 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05–1.30) after adjustment for various covariates, and participants using antidepressants were at a particularly higher risk (RR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.10–1.41). In a parallel analysis, 7415 incident clinical depression were documented (474722 person-years). Compared to non-diabetics, the RRs of developing clinical depression after controlling for all covariates were 1.29 (95% CI, 1.18–1.40) for diabetic patients, and 1.25, 1.24, 1.53 in diabetics without medications, with oral hypoglycemic agents, and insulin therapy, respectively (all P<0.01). These associations remained significant after adjustment for diabetes-related comorbidities. Conclusions Our results provide compelling evidence that the diabetes-depression association is bidirectional.

Relationship between religiosity, religious coping and socio-demographic variables among out-patients with depression or diabetes mellitus in Enugu, Nigeria

“…The increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality with significant economic cost. Studies 10,11 have shown a bidirectional relationship between DM and MDD with increased psychological distress and physical complications where they co-exist. Both conditions separately and as co-morbidities are common in our environment.…”

Intake ofStJohn's wort improves the glucose tolerance in healthy subjects who ingest metformin compared with metformin alone

“…Depression increases the risk of developing T2D by 37% [22], and T2D seems to double the risk of developing depression [23], and there appears to be a bidirectional association between depression and T2D in women [24]. It is plausible that some T2D patients who are treated with metformin also suffer from depression and consequently ingest SJW concomitantly.…”

Depression im Alter

“…Exemplarisch sei der Diabetes mellitus genannt. Es liegen klare Evidenzen vor, wonach der Diabetes einerseits einen Risikofaktor für Depressionen darstellt [9] und sich andererseits bei depressiven Patienten im Krankheitsverlauf gehäuft verschiedene somatische Erkrankungen manifestieren, darunter auch der Diabetes mellitus [10].…”