Bicyclic 5-5 Systems with One Bridgehead (Ring Junction) Nitrogen Atom: Two Extra Heteroatoms 1:1

Ollivier, Cyril

doi:10.1016/b978-008044992-0.01004-x

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…This is a water-soluble condensing reagent that is used as a carboxyl-activating agent for amide bonding with primary amines. In polymer studies, it is used as a catalyst for chemical reactions [ 34 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modification of Xanthan Gum for a High-Temperature and High-Salinity Reservoir

et al. 2021

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Tertiary oil recovery, commonly known as enhanced oil recovery (EOR), is performed when secondary recovery is no longer economically viable. Polymer flooding is one of the EOR methods that improves the viscosity of injected water and boosts oil recovery. Xanthan gum is a relatively cheap biopolymer and is suitable for oil recovery at limited temperatures and salinities. This work aims to modify xanthan gum to improve its viscosity for high-temperature and high-salinity reservoirs. The xanthan gum was reacted with acrylic acid in the presence of a catalyst in order to form xanthan acrylate. The chemical structure of the xanthan acrylate was verified by FT-IR and NMR analysis. The discovery hybrid rheometer (DHR) confirmed that the viscosity of the modified xanthan gum was improved at elevated temperatures, which was reflected in the core flood experiment. Two core flooding experiments were conducted using six-inch sandstone core plugs and Arabian light crude oil. The first formulation—the xanthan gum with 3% NaCl solution—recovered 14% of the residual oil from the core. In contrast, the modified xanthan gum with 3% NaCl solution recovered about 19% of the residual oil, which was 5% higher than the original xanthan gum. The xanthan gum acrylate is therefore more effective at boosting tertiary oil recovery in the sandstone core.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%