Bicycle-related injuries in children: Disturbing profile of a growing problem

Klin, Baruch; Rosenfeld-Yehoshua, Noa; Abu-Kishk, Ibrahim; Efrati, Yigal; Kozer, Eran; Jeroukhimov, Igor; Eshel, Gideon; Lotan, Gad

doi:10.1016/j.injury.2009.01.135

Cited by 22 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Gerek eriş-kinlerde, gerekse çocukluk çağında, kafa travmaları ile ilgili yapılan tüm çalışmalarda erkeklerin kadın-lardan daha fazla travmaya uğradığı bildirilmektedir. [2,3,[7][8][9]11,[16][17][18] Bu çalışmada 0-14 yaş genel tabloya baktığımızda, erkek çocuk sayısı 550 (%65), kız çocuk sayısı ise 301 (%35) olarak bulunmuştur. Ancak, yaş grupları incelendiğinde, bebeklik döneminde erkek/ kız oranı %57'ye %43 iken, okul çocuğu döneminde bu oran %71'e %29'a yükselmektedir.…”

Section: Bulgularunclassified

“…Literatüre bakıldığında, bisiklet kazalarında yüksek oranda erkek hakimiyeti ve kaza sonucu oluşan travmaların %33 ile %70 oranında kafa travmalarını içerdiği görülmekte-dir. [17,18,21,22] Bizim çalışmamızda, bisiklet kazası nedeniyle kafa travması geçiren hastaların %72'si erkek olup, %47'si okul çocuğu dönemindeydi. İlgi çe-ken bir başka konu ise, hastaların hiçbiri kaza anında kask ya da diğer koruyucu bir aparat kullanmıyor olmasıydı.…”

Section: Bulgularunclassified

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Pediatric head injuries, retrospective analysis of 851 patients: An epidemiological study

Işik

Gökyar²,

Yildiz³

et al. 2011

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg

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AMAÇBu çalışmanın amacı, çocukluk çağı kafa travmaları konusunda ülkemizin epidemiyolojik verilerine katkıda bulunmaktır. GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM Ocak 2003 ile Haziran 2008 tarihleri arasında SamsunMehmet Aydın Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Nöroşirürji Kliniğinde yatarak tedavi edilen 0-14 yaşları arasında toplam 851 hasta geriye dönük olarak incelendi. BULGULARHastaların 550'si (%65) erkek, 301'i (%35) kadındı. Travma nedenleri arasında düşme (%70) ilk sırada yer alıyor-du. Giriş Glasgow Koma Skalasına (GKS) göre %74 hafif (GKS 13-15), %22 orta (GKS 9-12) ve %4 ağır (GKS 3-8) kafa travmalı olgu mevcuttu. Seksen yedi hastaya toplam 92 operasyon uygulandı. Operasyon nedenleri arasında açık depresyon kırıkları ve epidural hematomlar ilk sıraday-dı. Toplam 33 (%3,8) hasta hayatını kaybetti. En sık tespit edilen ölüm nedeni, trafik kazaları ve yüksekten düşmelerdi. SONUÇBu çalışma ve yapılan diğer çalışmalar, çocukluk çağı kafa travmalarının çoğu önlenebilir nedenlerden kaynaklandığı-nı göstermiştir. Kafa travmaları ile ilgili epidemiyolojik ça-lışma ve verilerin artması, travmanın oluşmadan engellenebilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Çocukluk çağı; epidemiyoloji; kafa travması.

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Section: Bulgularunclassified

Pediatric head injuries, retrospective analysis of 851 patients: An epidemiological study

Işik

Gökyar²,

Yildiz³

et al. 2011

Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Previous studies have demonstrated the NEISS's accuracy in identifying injuries. 3,4,11 The NEISS database is updated daily and allows estimation of the epidemiology of injury-related ED visits. Data regarding tricycle (product code: 1301) injuries among children ,18 years of age were retrospectively analyzed from calendar years 2012 to 2013 using the NEISS database.…”

Section: Data Sourcementioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 These measures have had a dramatic impact on bicycle safety. 5 However, little attention has been given to the characteristics of tricycle injuries.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Tricycle Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2012–2013

et al. 2015

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the characteristics of tricycle-related injuries in children presenting to US emergency departments (EDs).METHODS: Data regarding tricycle injuries in children younger than 18 years of age were obtained from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System for calendar years 2012 and 2013. Data included body regions injured, ED disposition, and demographics.RESULTS: There were an estimated 9340 tricycle-related injuries treated in US EDs from 2012 to 2013. The average age was 3 years. Children 2 years of age had the highest frequency of injuries. Boys accounted for 63.6% of all injuries. Children 1 to 2 years of age represented 51.9% of all injuries. Lacerations were the most common type of injury. Internal organ damage was the most common type of injury in 3-and 5-year-olds. Contusions were the most common type of injury in 1-and 7-year-olds. The head was the most commonly injured region of the body and the most common region to endure internal damage. The elbows were the most commonly fractured body part. The upper extremity was more frequently fractured than the lower extremity. Approximately 2.4% of all injured children were admitted to the hospital. CONCLUSIONS:The upper extremity of children, particularly the elbow, was more frequently fractured than the lower extremity. The head was the most common body part to endure internal damage. By elucidating the characteristics of tricycle-related injuries, preventive measures can be implemented to decrease the incidence of tricycle-related injuries and ED visits. WHAT'S KNOWN ON THIS SUBJECT:Tricycle riding is a common activity in children. In calendar year 2012, tricycle accidents were the most common cause of reported toy-related deaths in children. Little research has been conducted regarding tricycle-related injuries and how to counsel parents appropriately. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS:This study uses nationally representative data to investigate various characteristics of tricycle-related injuries in children to better counsel parents. This study highlights the importance of helmet and elbow pad use and parental supervision.

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“…This appears particularly pertinent when considering the relatively high increase in the effective head diameter created by children's helmets. Epidemiology indicates that 10-year-old (males), are at greatest risk of sustaining a cycle related accident 5,6 hence, focus on suitable head protection for this age group of cyclists has the greatest potential to benefit society.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical Engineering Investigation of the Risk of Children Wearing a Bicycle Helmet Suffering an Angular Acceleration Induced Head Injury

MD¹

2017

MOJSM

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The recent successes of British cyclists, in the Tour de France and Olympic Games, have resulted in an unprecedented increase in children taking up cycling in the UK. An increase in bicycle accident related head injury is inevitable and the focus will predictably turn to whether helmets optimally prevent injury. Many studies indicate that overall, head injury rates can be significantly reduced by their use. However, concerns remain that whilst preventing translational acceleration related head injury, bicycle helmets may actually increase the risk of angular acceleration related injury, due to their pronounced geometry. A 3D biofidelic-child-head form and two market-leading bicycle helmets were created in MSC ADAMS™, to investigate the potential effects of helmet geometry on head impact induced loading. Helmet safety standards for angular acceleration exposure do not currently exist, therefore, three oblique impact tests were established, representing the three anatomicalaxes. Peak impact angular and linear accelerations were compared between un-helmeted and helmeted head forms. Bicycle helmets reduced linear and angular accelerations by an average 54 g and 3295 rad/s 2 , respectively. The overall reduction in angular acceleration was, however, modest. Thus, it is recommended that International test standards be urgently revised to include measures to encourage a further reduction in exposure. Keywords: biomechanical, bicycle helmet, head injury, children MOJ Sports Medicine Research ArticleOpen Access Biomechanical engineering investigation of the risk of children wearing a bicycle helmet suffering an angular acceleration induced head injury 110Copyright: ©2017 Khalid et al. using Solidworks™, which was modified to conform to required dimensions:-overall curvature and shape of an established EN960 head form. 13 A number of previous studies. 14,15 were utilised to ensure the head form was suitably biofidelic, data to describe the head mass distribution was then derived from the most comparable head, 12 that is, 3.66kg compared with 3.67 kg. Citation14,15 Additional verification was sought by comparison to the head mass of the 'Small Female' (that is, 5 th percentile) Hybrid III dummy, 16 which is identical to that of the Hybrid III 10-year-old. For consistency, centre of mass values were utilized from the above Hybrid III head form. Inertial parameters were used from the heads between 3.6 and 3.7kg.14 Whilst the skull stiffness varies across the head surface, with the temporal region recognised as being one of the weakest areas, 17 a lack of literature meant it was impossible to quantify a child's skull stiffness. Instead, an average value of 583.4 N/mm was calculated, based upon the minimum and maximum values reported from lateral, side and frontal loading of adult heads.18,19 A 0.75 scaling factor was then applied to this data, to calculate the skull stiffness at 7 years of age, 20−22 In the knowledge that full skull stiffness is achieved at 20 years, interpolation was used to calculate a 10-year-old...

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Bicycle-related injuries in children: Disturbing profile of a growing problem

Cited by 22 publications

References 11 publications

Pediatric head injuries, retrospective analysis of 851 patients: An epidemiological study

Pediatric head injuries, retrospective analysis of 851 patients: An epidemiological study

Tricycle Injuries Presenting to US Emergency Departments, 2012–2013

Biomechanical Engineering Investigation of the Risk of Children Wearing a Bicycle Helmet Suffering an Angular Acceleration Induced Head Injury

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