Bicycle helmets and risky behaviour: A systematic review

Esmaeilikia, Mahsa; Radun, Igor; Grzebieta, Raphael; Olivier, Jake

doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.10.026

Cited by 53 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…The RC concept relies on rational theoretical models of human behaviour, derived from economic theory, that have been widely criticised , nevertheless it has attracted great attention . Otherwise, literature has shown that seat belts and helmets do not lead to behavioural changes leading to a risk increase and are, undoubtedly, effective .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation” concept

Castro

Delabre²,

Molina

2019

J Intern AIDS Soc

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Introduction While bio‐behavioural interventions (BIs) for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV prevention have shown their effectiveness (e.g. treatment for syphilis, HPV vaccination or pre‐exposure prophylaxis [PrEP]), they have also aroused major concerns regarding behavioural changes that could counteract their benefit. Risk compensation (RC) fears concerning BIs in the HIV/STIs prevention field are intimately linked to representations, judgements and social control on sexual behaviour. With an increasing number of PrEP studies describing a rise in STIs due to RC, this paper argues for a shift away from the focus on RC and proposes a more constructive approach to respond to the needs of people living with HIV and populations most at risk. Discussion The concept of RC, stemming from road safety and derived from economic theory, relies on rational theoretical models of human behaviour. Although widely applied in several contexts its use has been reasonably questioned. Major methodological issues regarding RC have been raised within HIV/AIDS literature. Although behavioural changes (e.g. condomless sex and number of sexual partners) are often erroneously assimilated with RC, there is no evidence that behavioural changes have undermined the effectiveness of previous and current BIs. Still, PrEP has not escaped RC concerns. Increases in condomless sex within the context of growing uptake of PrEP signals a continued need for integrated and innovative HIV and STI prevention strategies and a comprehensive sexual health approach. Routine HIV/STI testing, peer‐led counselling, and identification of sexual health needs within the PrEP model of care could become a gold standard in the sexual health field for all populations. Conclusions RC remains a frequent argument against the availability and provision of prevention methods for vulnerable populations. Individuals should be able to benefit from the full panel of BIs options available, to find and adapt methods according to their needs. Current, past and future PrEP users, with other stakeholders, may provide valuable insight into innovative solutions and programmes to control HIV and other STIs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Give PrEP a chance: moving on from the “risk compensation” concept

Castro

Delabre²,

Molina

2019

J Intern AIDS Soc

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“…• "In sum, this systematic review found little to no support for the hypothesis bicycle helmet use is associated with engaging in risky behaviour" 15 • "The use of safety helmets also does not appear to increase the risk of compensation behavior as compared to non-helmeted participants in skiing and snowboarding" 16 Pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV infection…”

Section: Helmet Wearingmentioning

confidence: 95%

Is risk compensation threatening public health in the covid-19 pandemic?

Mantzari

Rubin

Marteau

2020

BMJ

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Wearing face coverings, particularly in shared indoor spaces, is now mandated or recommended in more than 160 countries to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2. 1 Cloth face coverings, if correctly worn, can reduce transmission of the virus as part of a set of protective measures, including maintaining physical distance from others and good hand hygiene. 1-5 Although uncertainties remain about the size of effect from including cloth face coverings in a package of measures for reducing transmission, the weight of evidence from laboratory and observational studies justifies their use. 1-5 Greenhalgh and colleagues recently urged policy makers to encourage the wearing of face masks because the risks are minimal and the potential impact substantial. 6 Concerns have been raised, however, that wearing face coverings might lead people to forgo other protective behaviours. 7-11 Early in the pandemic, the World Health Organization warned that wearing medical masks when not indicated can "create a false sense of security that can lead to neglecting other essential measures such as hand hygiene practices." 8 This response has been variously described as risk compensation, false reassurance, risk homeostasis, moral licensing, rebound, or negative spillover effect. How justified are these concerns about risk compensation in the context of face coverings to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2? We start by examining the evidence for risk compensation in relation to other health threats.

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“…Even healthcare workers can struggle with appropriate mask use2; cloth masks are less effective than medical masks3; and poor use reduces effectiveness and poses an infection risk 4. Second, encouraging uptake of face masks might lead to “risk compensation”: reduced compliance with other measures 56. Third, there are potential societal consequences, such as a rush to obtain equipment intended for use by healthcare workers should cloth masks prove ineffective or using mask wearing to justify unsafe workplaces or commuting conditions 7.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%