Bicycle Helmet Size, Adjustment, and Stability

Thai, K; McIntosh, Andrew S.; Pang, Toh Yen

doi:10.1080/15389588.2014.931948

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Among cyclists, a recent study investigated the fit of helmets and reported that bicycle helmets worn by recreational and commuter cyclists are often the wrong size and often worn and adjusted incorrectly 35. In addition, among motorcyclists, helmet type and wearing correctness were among the factors that affected the loads at which helmets became displaced 34.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders

et al. 2017

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IntroductionHead injuries represent a concern in skiing and snowboarding, with traumatic brain injuries being the most common cause of death.AimTo describe the mechanisms of head and face injuries among World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders.MethodsWe performed a qualitative analysis of videos obtained of head and face injuries reported through the International Ski Federation Injury Surveillance System during 10 World Cup seasons (2006–2016). We analysed 57 head impact injury videos (alpine n=29, snowboard n=13, freestyle n=15), first independently and subsequently in a consensus meeting.ResultsDuring the crash sequence, most athletes (84%) impacted the snow with the skis or board first, followed by the upper or lower extremities, buttocks/pelvis, back and, finally, the head. Alpine skiers had sideways (45%) and backwards pitching falls (35%), with impacts to the rear (38%) and side (35%) of the helmet. Freestyle skiers and snowboarders had backwards pitching falls (snowboard 77%, freestyle 53%), mainly with impacts to the rear of the helmet (snowboard 69%, freestyle 40%). There were three helmet ejections among alpine skiers (10% of cases), and 41% of alpine skiing injuries occurred due to inappropriate gate contact prior to falling. Athletes had one (47%) or two (28%) head impacts, and the first impact was the most severe (71%). Head impacts were mainly on snow (83%) on a downward slope (63%).ConclusionThis study has identified several characteristics of the mechanisms of head injuries, which may be addressed to reduce risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders

et al. 2017

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“…Univariate statistical analyses were performed wherein gender, race, and age were treated as independent variables and injury type, regional injuries, regional injury severity (AIS), overall injury severity (ISS), helmet usage, hospital LOS, and mortality were treated as dependent variables. Using age categorizations from the literature, [13][14][15] participants were divided into groups that, broadly defined, covered young adulthood (18-34 years), middle age (35-54 years), and older adulthood (!55 years). Due to variation in injury presentation, hospitalization, and helmet usage, the dependent variable data were inherently skewed and failed to fit a normal distribution.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Demographic variation in the injury patterns of adult cyclists admitted to a large US healthcare network: A five-year review

Williams

Nelson

Kashif

et al. 2017

Trauma

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Background: Despite considerable health and environmental benefits, cycling is also associated with a risk of injury. Yet, variation in the patterns of cycling trauma which manifests by gender, age, and race/ethnicity is ill-defined. This retrospective study aims to characterize injury patterns in different demographic groups of bicyclists admitted to the Greenville Health System in South Carolina. Patients and methods: In this IRB-approved, retrospective study, five years of patient data (2010-2014) were gathered from seven emergency departments associated with the Greenville Health System. A total of 155 adult patients hospitalized for bicycle-related trauma were examined in terms of demographics (age, gender, and race) and injury. Injuries were categorized by type, region, and severity. Non-parametric tests were performed to study the effect of demographic characteristics on injury presentation. Results: Spinal cord (p ¼ 0.003) and internal organ injuries (p ¼ 0.000) were significantly more common in men. External body injuries were also more prevalent and severe in men (p ¼ 0.05), while injury to the extremities and pelvic region was more common and severe in women (p ¼ 0.02). Herniations (p ¼ 0.028), internal organ injuries (p ¼ 0.000), and abrasions (p ¼ 0.04) occurred more often in White cyclists. This group was also more likely to be wearing a helmet at the time of accident (p ¼ 0.00). Finally, while hematomas were more prevalent in older adults (!55 years) cyclists (p ¼ 0.01), this population was also more also likely to wear a helmet than young adults (18-34 years) cyclists (p ¼ 0.025). Conclusion: Demographic differences exist in the types and severity of cycling trauma. These differences should be considered during the identification and management of bicycle-related trauma.

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“…Headforms have different sizes that may vary according to the standard's country and aim to represent the existing range of head dimensions within a given population (Ellena et al, 2016). However, they may not represent the cyclist's head shapes (Thai et al, 2014).…”

Section: Ergonomics and Inclusive Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the focus of the present study, at this stage, is to work on a preliminary design solution that aims to solve the identi ed problems of head protection in micromobility as a whole and not to precisely address ergonomic issues. Therefore, 1D anthropometric measurements of interest from (Thai et al, 2014), and illustrated in Fig. 14 and described in Table 1 to 4, will be used as a reference, considering the differences amongst ethnic groups, for the development of a more inclusive design solution.…”

Section: Ergonomics and Inclusive Designmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing for Sustainability and Safety in Urban Micro-mobility: A Novel Helmet Concept

Serra

Fernandes

Sousa

et al. 2023

Preprint

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The past few years have witnessed a remarkable surge in urban mobility with the proliferation of micro-mobility sharing services. The advent of e-scooters and e-bikes has revolutionized the urban landscape across the globe. However, this transformation has also led to a worrisome increase in severe accidents associated with these new modes of transportation. The primary factors contributing to this trend are the inability of governments to swiftly adapt regulations to match evolving mobility trends and the unsuitability of traditional bicycle helmets for the spontaneous nature of micro-mobility. Moreover, in an era of resource scarcity and escalating global warming concerns, prioritizing sustainable development has become imperative for the modern economy. Unfortunately, conventional helmets significantly lack in terms of sustainability, not only due to their predominantly petroleum-derived materials but also because their manufacturing process combines the protective foam and outer shell, rendering them difficult to recycle or repurpose after disposal. This paper outlines the development of an innovative helmet concept designed for micro-mobility. The comprehensive research encompasses the design process, material selection, experimental testing, ergonomics, life cycle assessment, and design for manufacturing. The resulting helmet can be flattened to the size of a laptop, enabling convenient storage in a backpack. Additionally, it exhibits a 42% lower carbon footprint compared to standard helmets and can be fully disassembled and recycled. This novel helmet concept not only advances aesthetics and functionality but also meets three goals outlined by the UN 2030 agenda for sustainable development, making it a significant milestone for the helmet industry.

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Bicycle Helmet Size, Adjustment, and Stability

Cited by 22 publications

References 21 publications

Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders

Head injury mechanisms in FIS World Cup alpine and freestyle skiers and snowboarders

Demographic variation in the injury patterns of adult cyclists admitted to a large US healthcare network: A five-year review

Designing for Sustainability and Safety in Urban Micro-mobility: A Novel Helmet Concept

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