Bicompartmental kinetics of tobramycin analysed with a wide range of covariates

Inclan, Gabriel; Súárez, Eduardo Viñuela; Calvo, Rosario; Aguirre, Carmelo Ibáñez; Macheras, Panos; Gazouli, Maria; Lukas, John C.

doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2005.05.004

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(40 reference statements)

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“…In healthy subjects, tobramycin (TOB) exhibits low protein binding (<10%), a total body clearance of 6 to 7.2 l h −1 , and a renal clearance of 4.8 to 5.4 l h −1 . The normal elimination half‐life is 2 h [46, 51].. In our patients tobramycin clearance was 4.8 ± 1.9 l h −1 corresponding with that reported by Matthews et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Tobramycin disposition in ICU patients receiving a once daily regimen: population approach and dosage simulations

Conil

Georges

Ruiz

et al. 2010

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT? • It is well known that tobramycin given as an once daily dose according to the usual recommendations needs therapeutic drug monitoring by measurement of peak and trough concentrations. In the literature, there are only few published studies on the population pharmacokinetics of once daily tobramycin in critically ill patients. Glomerular filtration rate and bodyweight were identified as covariates contributing to the inter‐individual variability in the disposition of aminoglycosides. The study, by Peris‐Marti et al. [24], only evaluated the pharmacodynamic effectiveness of a 4 mg kg−1 dose of tobramycin given once daily in critically ill patients. The authors concluded with a simulation showing that for a theoretical MIC of 1 or 2 mg l−1, a 7 mg kg−1 dose was required. WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS? • Our results confirm the high variability of tobramycin disposition in intensive care patients and consequently the possible lack of effectiveness. • By using a population pharmacokinetic approach, two explicative covariates (height and Cockcroft creatinine clearance) added to a two‐compartment model with proportional error, explained much of the inter‐individual variability of tobramycin disposition in the critically ill patient population. • In a median ICU patient, simulations were performed at various dosage regimens and peak and AUC pharmacodynamic targets could not be reached simultaneously in more than 45% of the ICU patient population. Drug monitoring is required to manage efficacy and toxicity. AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the disposition of tobramycin (TOB) in critically ill patients (ICU) by a population pharmacokinetic approach, to determine the covariates involved, and to simulate tobramycin dosage regimens. METHODS Forty‐nine adult ICU patients received TOB (5 mg kg−1) once daily. NonMem modelling was performed on 32 patients. The 17 other patients were used for the qualification process by normalized prediction distribution error. Then Monte Carlo simulations (MCS) were performed. RESULTS A two‐compartment model with a proportional error best fitted the data. TOB total clearance (CLTOB) was significantly correlated with Cockcroft creatinine clearance (COCK) and height. TOB clearance was 4.8 ± 1.9 l h−1 (range 1.22–8.95), the volume of distribution of the central compartment was 24.7 ± 3.7 l (range 17.34–32.83) and that of the peripheral compartment and the inter‐compartmental clearance were 30.6 l and 4.74 l h−1, respectively. Only 29% of the patients presented a target AUC between 80 and 125 mg l–1 h and 61% were lower than 80 mg l−1 h. After considering COCK and height, MCS showed that only 50% of the population could achieve the target AUC for the 375 and 400 mg dosages. CONCLUSION Even after taking into account COCK and height, for strains with an MIC ≤ 1 mg l−1, MCS doses evidenced that peak and AUC pharmacodynamic targets could not be reached simultaneously in more than 45% of the ICU patient population. Combination therapy in addition to drug mo...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Tobramycin disposition in ICU patients receiving a once daily regimen: population approach and dosage simulations

Conil

Georges

Ruiz

et al. 2010

Brit J Clinical Pharma

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“…Availability of userfriendly software can help in introduction of this procedure as a routine practice in clinical care for horses. In our study, using a population approach, experimental data were fitted to a two-compartmental model, in accordance with earlier reports on tobramycin disposition [4,14,15]. Estimated mean value of population for systemic clearance of tobramycin is very close to previously published data in horses [4].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Tobramycin pharmacokinetics was earlier investigated in healthy horses after a single intravenous administration, and it does not differ from the other aminoglycoside antibiotics [4]. Tobramycin shows rapid distribution to most fluids in the body, including peritoneal, pleural, pericardial, and synovial fluids [5]. High concentrations of tobramycin are observed in the kidneys, which is typical for aminoglycosides [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Population Pharmacokinetics of Tobramycin in Horses

Milanova

Bakalov

Hubenov

et al. 2012

Journal of Equine Veterinary Science

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“…There seems to be no clear explanation for this. It is known that about 20% of tobramycin is subjected to tubular reabsorption [18][19][20] but this does not completely explain these results. The explanation may be associated with the measurement of the kinetic parameters for tobramycin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%