Biceps tendinitis in chronic rotator cuff tears: A histologic perspective

Process of neovascularisation compared with pain intensity in tendinopathy of the long head of the biceps brachii tendon associated with concomitant shoulder disorders, after arthroscopic treatment. Microscopic evaluation supported by immunohistochemical

“…Consequently it was suggested that anterior shoulder pain may not result strictly from LHBT pathology but is rather a manifestation of complex shoulder lesions [18]. Still, the role of the LHBT in anterior shoulder pain is undeniable, since arthroscopic tenotomy and tenodesis procedures usually result in pain relief [2,18]. This is consistent with observations from our study, where vessels formation was not directly associated with painful condition of the tendon demonstrated using the VAS scale.…”

“…In most cases it affects non-athletes and coexists with overuse trauma, and other shoulder pathologies such as subacromial impingement, RCTs, superior labral tear from anterior to posterior (SLAP) [1,34,35,36]. Consequently it was suggested that anterior shoulder pain may not result strictly from LHBT pathology but is rather a manifestation of complex shoulder lesions [18]. Still, the role of the LHBT in anterior shoulder pain is undeniable, since arthroscopic tenotomy and tenodesis procedures usually result in pain relief [2,18].…”

“…Since obtaining samples of healthy LHBT tendons is problematic, as a negative control group we included 4 patients who underwent Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) reconstruction using hamstring tendons (semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris muscles) [18]. From these patients we obtained fragments of the semitendinosus (ST) tendons which were discarded during preparation of the ACL graft.…”

“…The assessment of neovascularization was based on the criteria from the Bonar scale [18,19,20]. The scores 0, 1, 2, 3 contribute to the following stages of neovascularization seen in ten high-power fields (HPFs): 0 -modest and average occurrence of the blood vessels, 1 -incidental cluster of capillaries less than one per 10 HPFs, 2 -indicates 1-2 clusters per 10 HPFs, 3 -indicates more than 2 clusters per 10 high-power fields.…”

Sonography in the instability of the long head of the biceps tendon confronted with histopathologic and arthroscopic findings

“…After routine embedding in paraffin and mounting on slides, the samples were stained using the haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) protocol and examined using light microscopy (Olympus BX46, Tokyo, Japan) by an experienced pathologist. Microscopic lesions were assessed using the Bonar scale, similar as in other studies regarding tendon pathologies [13,17]. This semiquantitative system evaluates four main variables: tenocyte morphology, changes in the ground substance and its accumulation, neovascularity and collagen bundles architecture.…”