Biceps Brachii Muscle Synergy and Target Reaching in a Virtual Environment

Abstract

A muscular synergy is a theory suggesting that the central nervous system uses few commands to activate a group of muscles to produce a given movement. Here, we investigate how a muscle synergy extracted from a single muscle can be at the origin of different signals which could facilitate the control of modern upper limb myoelectric prostheses with many degrees of freedom. Five pairs of surface electrodes were positioned across the biceps of 12 normal subjects and electromyographic (EMG) signals were collected while their upper limbs were in eight different static postures. Those signals were used to move, within a virtual cube, a small red sphere toward different targets. With three muscular synergies extracted from the five EMG signals, a classifier was trained to identify which synergy pattern was associated with a given static posture. Later, when a posture was recognized, the result was a displacement of a red sphere toward a corner of a virtual cube presented on a computer screen. The axes of the cube were assigned to the shoulder, elbow and wrist joint while each of its the corners was associated with a static posture. The goal for subjects was to reach, one at a time, the four targets positioned at different locations and heights in the virtual cube with different sequences of postures. The results of 12 normal subjects indicate that with the muscular synergies of the biceps brachii, it was possible, but not easy for an untrained person, to reach a target on each trial. Thus, as a proof of concept, we show that features of the biceps muscular synergy have the potential to facilitate the control of upper limb myoelectric prostheses. To our knowledge, this has never been shown before.

A non-invasive brain-machine interface via independent control of individual motor units

“…Stable, online detection of motor unit activity using non-invasive recording technologies remains challenging in ecological settings. The waveform of recorded motor unit action potentials and consequently their detection in surface EMG recordings are known to be sensitive to movement artifacts and to relative positioning of skin to muscle, which can be especially deleterious in anisometric conditions 67,68 . In our study, we overcame these limitations through physical constraints imposed by the orthosis and by instructing participants to avoid performing overt movements when trying to control the selected motor units.…”