Bibliometric Analysis and Review of Low and Medium Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Environmental, Economic, and Strategic Insights

Abstract

Geothermal energy, an efficacious and readily available resource, has emerged as a sustainable alternative poised to satisfy escalating global energy demands. This study undertakes a comprehensive analysis of low (heat below 100℃) and medium (heat between 100℃ to 150℃) enthalpy geothermal energy through a bibliometric approach and a literature survey, with an emphasis on the environmental and economic aspects. The methodological procedure encompasses: (i) systematic information processing and configuration, (ii) bibliometric assessment of the evolution and domains of the investigated field, (iii) evaluation of environmental and economic contributions, and (iv) Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis, facilitated by a Focus Group comprising experts from the energy sector. The research on low and medium enthalpy geothermal energy has been identified as an expanding field, with five primary areas of focus: sustainability, cascade systems, heat pumps, numerical modelling, and groundwater potential in geothermal systems. Italy, the United States, and Germany have been recognized as the leading contributors in terms of scientific production. Geothermal energy, from an environmental standpoint, aids the decarbonisation process, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and other renewable energy sources. Although initial investment costs are considerable, the financial recovery period is relatively short. The promotion of geothermal energy, alongside the active involvement of academia, corporations, and governments, bolsters energy and socio-economic development, thereby contributing to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG).

A Sustainability Approach between the Water–Energy–Food Nexus and Clean Energy

“…The data were organised, sorted, and categorised utilising the Bibliometrix and VOSviewer software to visualise country trends, relationships between thematic areas, and the evolution of topics. The processing allowed for the extraction of significant contributions, including tools, techniques, and future lines of work in this area [62,63]. Using the PRISMA method criteria allowed for the analysis of papers presenting experiences, case studies, and reviews recognised by the scientific community.…”

The Role of the Energy Sector in Contributing to Sustainability Development Goals: A Text Mining Analysis of Literature

“…Studies addressing these terms investigate the critical role of rare earth elements as raw materials, emphasizing their economic importance and potential environmental implications [41]. Modern ways of the production of energy are explored, namely low and medium enthalpy geothermal energy [42]. Biomass energy production, adoption, and sustained use are explored in African countries, shedding light on the entire life cycle of this renewable energy source [43].…”