Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of tin, by Frank L. Hess and Eva Hess.

Burling, Lancaster D.; Hess, Eva.; Hess, Frank L.

doi:10.5962/bhl.title.31267

Cited by 37 publications

(48 citation statements)

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“…They undergo collisions with atoms of the upper atmosphere and produce a cascade of secondary particles that shower down through the atmosphere onto the surface of the Earth. Almost 90% of all the incoming cosmic ray particles are protons, about 9% are helium nuclei, and about 1% are electrons (see, e.g., Hess 1912;Kohlhorster 1913;Millikan and Bowen 1926;Rossi 1964;Hillas 1972;Gaisser 1990;Longair 1992).…”

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confidence: 98%

On the relationship of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters

Firoz

Kumar

Cho

2009

Astrophys Space Sci

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The flux rate of cosmic rays incident on the Earth's upper atmosphere is modulated by the solar wind and the Earth's magnetic field. The amount of solar wind is not constant due to changes in solar activity in each solar cycle, and hence the level of cosmic ray modulation varies with solar activity. In this context, we have investigated the variability and the relationship of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters from January 1982 through December 2008. Simultaneous observations have been made to quantify the exact relationship between the cosmic ray intensity and those parameters during the solar maxima and minima, respectively. It is found that the stronger the interplanetary magnetic field, solar wind plasma velocity, and solar wind plasma temperature, the weaker the cosmic ray intensity. Hence, the lowest cosmic ray intensity has good correlations with simultaneous solar parameters, while the highest cosmic ray intensity does not. Our results show that higher solar activity is responsible for a higher geomagnetic effect and vice versa.

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confidence: 98%

On the relationship of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters

Firoz

Kumar

Cho

2009

Astrophys Space Sci

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“…A descoberta dos raios cósmicosé atribuída a Victor Hess que, por meio de experimentos com balões, notou que o fluxo de radiação ionizante, até então associada a radiativadade ambiente do solo, se intensificava com o aumento da altitude. Isso o levou a conclusão de que provavelmente a fonte desta "radiação" teria origem extraterrestre [3]. A partir de então uma nova era iniciouse para a física das partículas e para a física espacial.…”

Section: Raios Cósmicosunclassified

Raios cósmicos e a heliosfera

Oliveira

Rockenbach

Pacini

2014

Rev. Bras. Ensino Fís.

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Este texto sintetiza a modulação pelas partículas do fluxo de raios cósmicos galáticos durante seu transporte na heliosfera, fornecendo algumas referências necessárias para a compreensão do assunto aos interessados no tema. Neste contexto, os elementos, fenômenos e eventos estão descritos de modo preferencialmente teórico-conceitual, apenas utilizando a formulação matemática quando ela se faz realmente indispensável. Partindo das noções fundamentais de raios cósmicos e heliosfera, discute-se a interação mútua desses destes elementos, que está severamente relacionadaà dinâmica dos fluidos e ao eletromagnetismo. A conclusão relata a importância da compreensão do assunto para a geociência e as ciências espaciais. Palavras-chave: heliosfera, raios cósmicos galáticos, modulação de raios cósmicos. This paper synthesizes the modulation of the particle flux of galactic cosmic rays during their transport inside the heliosphere and provides some fundamental references to understanding of this modulation. In this context, all elements, phenomena and events are preferably described in a theoretical-conceptual way, just using the mathematical approach when it is really indispensable. Starting from the fundamental definitions of heliospheric and cosmic rays, we discuss the mutual interactions of these elements, which is severely related to fluid dynamics and electromagnetism. The conclusion indicates the importance of this theme for the geosciences and space sciences. Keywords: heliosphere, galactic cosmic rays, cosmic rays modulation. IntroduçãoEste artigo tem como objetivo introduzir aos estudantes os conceitos físicos fundamentais envolvidos na modulação sofrida pelos raios cósmicos galácticos (galactic cosmic rays -GCR) durante sua trajetória no interior da heliosfera, servindo como referência básica ao tema. Assim o texto foi elaborado privilegiando uma abordagem teórica e conceitual e evitando, na medida do possível, o tratamento matemático dos modelos físicos. Apesar dessa abordagem garantir a simplicidade e a fluidez do texto, também torna-se imprescindível a utilização de fontes bibliográficas complementares para uma compreensão mais completa dos temas abordados. Os autores citados no texto são excelente ponto de partida na busca por estas informações.Esse artigo foi estruturado nos seguintes tópicos:• Tópico 2 -Raios cósmicos. Aqui encontra-se uma breve revisão da evolução histórica do conceito de raios cósmicos. Apresentam-se, em seguida, os principais conceitos necessários a compreensão da origem e por conseguinte da classificação dos raios cósmicos. Conclui-se com a descrição da física básica envolvida na interação dos GCR com a atmosfera terrestre.• Tópico 3 -Heliosfera. Neste item define-se heliosfera tratando inicialmente de modo sucinto das estruturas que a delimitam interna e externamente. Trata-se em seguida de introduzir os conceitos magnetohidrodinâmicos das estruturas que a compõem com uma breve discussão da dinâmica temporal e distribuição espacial.• Tópico 4 -Modulação heliosférica dos raios cósmicos g...

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“…The intensity spectrum of cosmic rays extends over more than ten orders of magnitude in energy with a surprisingly smooth spectrum I(E) ∼ E −2.7... 3.0 (adapted from [4]). …”

Section: Fig 1 (Color Online)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…From later work of Millikan, Compton, and Auger, it became clear the ionizing radiation of extraterrestrial origins identified by the balloon experiments of Hess and others [3,[5][6][7] were caused by charged particles of extremely high energy and of possibly extragalactic origin, which created showers of secondary particles in the atmosphere. The discoveries of new elementary particles in cosmic ray showers, such as the muon, but also nucleonic excitation states, marks the decades of fruitful stimulation of nuclear physics and high-energy experiments by measurements on cosmic rays.…”

Section: Measuring Cosmic-raysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A cosmic ray particle with an energy around 10 20 eV a e-mail: rod@mpe.mpg.de (100 EeV) had been detected as early as 1962 [2], more events were then seen above 10 000 TeV (=10 EeV) where intensities are as low as one cosmic ray per square kilometer and year. Research of relativistic-particle acceleration in cosmic sites, as a field of astrophysics, had been initiated by Hess, Gockel and Kolhörster [3]: with their brave balloon measurements up to 9 km altitude of ionizing radiation and its dependence with altitude in 1910-1913 they demonstrated the existence of ionizing radiation irradiating the Earth from outside. Combining and comparing astronomical findings about cosmic rays with particle acceleration studies in terrestrial laboratories is an essential part along our path to an understanding of the sources of cosmic rays; the extremely-high energies accessible only through cosmic rays provide a unique extension of the energy range, albeit incurring the need for astrophysical modeling of the 'experimental setup'.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Particle acceleration in cosmic sites

Diehl¹

2009

Eur. Phys. J. D

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Abstract. Particles are accelerated in cosmic sites probably under conditions very different from those at terrestrial particle accelerator laboratories. Nevertheless, specific experiments which explore plasma conditions and stimulate particle acceleration carry significant potential to illuminate some aspects of the cosmic particle acceleration process. Here we summarize our understanding of cosmic particle acceleration, as derived from observations of the properties of cosmic ray particles, and through astronomical signatures caused by these near their sources or throughout their journey in interstellar space. We discuss the candidate-source object variety, and what has been learned about their particle-acceleration characteristics. We conclude identifying open issues as they are discussed among astrophysicists. -The cosmic ray differential intensity spectrum across energies from 10 10 eV to 10 21 eV reveals a rather smooth power-law spectrum. Two kinks occur at the "knee" ( 10 15 eV) and at the "ankle" ( 3 × 10 18 eV). It is unclear if these kinks are related to boundaries between different dominating sources, or rather related to characteristics of cosmic-ray propagation. Currently we believe that galactic sources dominate up to 10 17 eV or even above, and the extragalactic origin of cosmic rays at highest energies merges rather smoothly with galactic contributions throughout the 10 15 -10 18 eV range. Pulsars and supernova remnants are among the prime candidates for galactic cosmic-ray production, while nuclei of active galaxies are considered best candidates to produce ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays of extragalactic origin. The acceleration processes are probably related to shocks formed when matter is ejected into surrounding space from energetic sources such as supernova explosions or matter accreting onto black holes. Details of shock acceleration are complex, as relativistic particles modify the structure of the shock, and simple approximations or perturbation calculations are unsatisfactory. This is where laboratory plasma experiments are expected to contribute, to enlighten the non-linear processes which occur under such conditions. PACS. 96.40 Cosmic rays -95.30 Astrophysical plasma

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Bibliography of the geology and mineralogy of tin, by Frank L. Hess and Eva Hess.

Cited by 37 publications

References 0 publications

On the relationship of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters

On the relationship of cosmic ray intensity with solar, interplanetary, and geophysical parameters

Raios cósmicos e a heliosfera

Particle acceleration in cosmic sites

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