Bias-free source-independent quantum random number generator

Zheng, Ziyong; Zhang, Yichen; Huang, Min; Chen, Ziyang; Yu, Song; Guo, Hong

doi:10.1364/oe.396461

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Failure to ensure sufficient randomness in cryptographic processes can lead to real-world attacks on otherwise secure systems. This even extends to quantum random number generators which is why there is a need to develop schemes for true randomness 108 .…”

Section: Results Ii-our Implementation In the Evm-compatible Lacchain...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Allende

León

Cerón

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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The advent of quantum computing threatens blockchain protocols and networks because they utilize non-quantum resistant cryptographic algorithms. When quantum computers become robust enough to run Shor’s algorithm on a large scale, the most used asymmetric algorithms, utilized for digital signatures and message encryption, such as RSA, (EC)DSA, and (EC)DH, will be no longer secure. Quantum computers will be able to break them within a short period of time. Similarly, Grover’s algorithm concedes a quadratic advantage for mining blocks in certain consensus protocols such as proof of work. Today, there are hundreds of billions of dollars denominated in cryptocurrencies and other digital assets that rely on blockchain ledgers as well as thousands of blockchain-based applications storing value in blockchain networks. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based applications require solutions that guarantee quantum resistance in order to preserve the integrity of data and assets in these public and immutable ledgers. The quantum threat and some potential solutions are well understood and presented in the literature. However, most proposals are theoretical, require large QKD networks, or propose new quantum-resistant blockchain networks to be built from scratch. Our work, which is presented in this paper, is pioneer in proposing an end-to-end framework for post-quantum blockchain networks that can be applied to existing blockchain to achieve quantum-resistance. We have developed an open-source implementation in an Ethereum-based (i.e., EVM compatible) network that can be extended to other existing blockchains. For the implementation we have (i) used quantum entropy to generate post-quantum key pairs, (ii) established post-quantum TLS connections and X.509 certificates to secure the exchange of information between blockchain nodes over the internet without needing a large QKD network, (iii) introduced a post-quantum second signature in transactions using Falcon-512 post-quantum keys, and (iv) developed the first on-chain verification of post-quantum signatures using three different mechanisms that are compared and analyzed: Solidity smart-contracts run by the validators for each transaction, modified EVM Opcode, and precompiled smart contracts.

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Section: Results Ii-our Implementation In the Evm-compatible Lacchain...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Allende

León

Cerón

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Section: Generation and Distribution Of Quantum Entropymentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Allende¹,

León²,

Cerón³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This paper describes the work carried out by the Inter-American Development Bank, the IDB Lab, LACChain, Cambridge Quantum Computing (CQC), and Tecnologico de Monterrey to identify and eliminate quantum threats in blockchain networks.The advent of quantum computing threatens internet protocols and blockchain networks because they utilize non-quantum resistant cryptographic algorithms. When quantum computers become robust enough to run Shor's algorithm on a large scale, the most used asymmetric algorithms, utilized for digital signatures and message encryption, such as RSA, (EC)DSA, and (EC)DH, will be no longer secure. Quantum computers will be able to break them within a short period of time. Similarly, Grover's algorithm concedes a quadratic advantage for mining blocks in certain consensus protocols such as proof of work.Today, there are hundreds of billions of dollars denominated in cryptocurrencies that rely on blockchain ledgers as well as the thousands of blockchain-based applications storing value in blockchain networks. Cryptocurrencies and blockchain-based applications require solutions that guarantee quantum resistance in order to preserve the integrity of data and assets in their public and immutable ledgers. We have designed and developed a layer-two solution to secure the exchange of information between blockchain nodes over the internet and introduced a second signature in transactions using post-quantum keys. Our versatile solution can be applied to any blockchain network. In our implementation, quantum entropy was provided via the IronBridge Platform from CQC and we used LACChain Besu as the blockchain network.http://www.iadb.org

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“…In these protocols, some devices for preparation or measurement are assumed to be trusted in some condition. For instance, the sourceindependent (SI) QRNG [18][19][20][21][22] and measurement-deviceindependent (MDI) QRNG [23][24][25] need complete characterizations of the measurement device and source respectively, which are commonly called semi-device-independent (SDI) QRNG, while there are also protocols based on other weak assumptions, such as the dimension of the produced quantum states 26,27 , their overlap 28,29 , their energy 30,31 , and so on. By contrast, SDI QRNG generates faster random bits with less stringent experimental requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi-device-independent quantum random number generator with a broadband squeezed state of light

Cheng,

Liang,

Qin

et al. 2024

npj Quantum Inf

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Random numbers are a basic ingredient of simulation algorithms and cryptography, and play a significant part in computer simulation and information processing. One prominent feature of a squeezed light is its lower fluctuation and more randomness in a pair of orthogonal oriented quadratures, thus it prompts a significant application in not only quantum information and quantum precision measurement but also an excellent entropy source for true random number generation. Here we report a generation of a high-efficiency semi-device-independent quantum random number based on a broadband squeezed light, where a reliable randomness source is unnecessary and a noisy local oscillator is allowed for homodyne detection. The equivalent generation of private random bits is at a rate of 580.7 Mbps. In addition, the use of squeezed light at 1.3 μm enables the transmission of entropy sources and local oscillators at the metropolitan scale, thus expanding the potential applications of quantum random number generators based on non-classical state of light.

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Bias-free source-independent quantum random number generator

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Quantum-resistance in blockchain networks

Semi-device-independent quantum random number generator with a broadband squeezed state of light

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