Bias current and temperature dependence of polarization dynamics in spin-lasers with electrically tunable birefringence

Lindemann, Markus; Jung, Natalie; Stadler, Pascal; Pusch, Tobias; Michalzik, Rainer; Hofmann, Martin R.; Gerhardt, Nils C.

doi:10.1063/1.5139199

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Birefringence controls of spin-VCSELs on silicon will be particularly challenging since heterogeneous integration of III-V materials on silicon is usually conducted by wafer bonding techniques [ 47 ] which tend to induce non-uniform stress distribution. Electrical birefringence tuning with sub-gigahertz accuracy [ 63 , 64 ] is one such promising approach. Since spin-VCSELs have a possibility of improving optical signal quality [ 65 ] and high-speed modulations [ 28 ], they are expected to be used also for optical data signal generators in the coherent optical communication systems.…”

Section: Discussion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spin Laser Local Oscillators for Homodyne Detection in Coherent Optical Communications

Yokota

Yasaka

2021

Micromachines

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We numerically investigate spin-controlled vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (spin-VCSELs) for local oscillators, which are based on an injection locking technique used in coherent optical communications. Under the spin polarization modulation of an injection-locked spin-VCSEL, frequency-shifted and phase-correlated optical sidebands are generated with an orthogonal polarization against the injection light, and one of the sidebands is resonantly enhanced due to the linear birefringence in the spin-VCSEL. We determine that the peak strength and peak frequency in the spin polarization modulation sensitivity of the injection-locked spin-VCSEL depend on detuning frequency and injection ratio conditions. As a proof of concept, 25-Gbaud and 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation optical data signals and a pilot tone are generated, and the pilot tone is used for the injection locking of a spin-VCSEL. An orthogonally-polarized modulation sideband generated from the injection-locked spin-VCSEL is used as a frequency-shifted local oscillator (LO). We verify that the frequency-shifted LO can be used for the homodyne detection of optical data signals with no degradation. Our findings suggest a novel application of spin-VCSELs for coherent optical communications.

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Section: Discussion and Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spin Laser Local Oscillators for Homodyne Detection in Coherent Optical Communications

Yokota

Yasaka

2021

Micromachines

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“…Nowadays, commercial three-dimensional depth sensing applications are ubiquitous, such as for gestures [4], face recognition, autofocus [5] and eye movement tracking [6]. The spectral width of a surface-emitting laser beam is relatively narrow, and the temperature dependence of the wavelength is roughly 0.07 nm/K, which enables VCSELs to be competitive in 3D sensing [7,8]. This functionality allows VCSELs to be utilized with narrowband filters to filter out unwanted ambient signals [9], improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and increase the accuracy of outdoor sensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Speed and High-Power 940 nm Flip-Chip VCSEL Array for LiDAR Application

Hong

Huang

Chung³

et al. 2021

Crystals

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In this paper, we demonstrate the design and fabrication of a high-power, high-speed flip-chip vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) for light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems. The optoelectronic characteristics and modulation speeds of vertical and flip-chip VCSELs were investigated numerically and experimentally. The thermal transport properties of the two samples were also numerically investigated. The measured maximum output power, slope efficiency (SE) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a fabricated flip-chip VCSEL array operated at room-temperature were 6.2 W, 1.11 W/A and 46.1%, respectively. The measured L-I-V curves demonstrated that the flip-chip architecture offers better thermal characteristics than the conventional vertical structure, especially for high-temperature operation. The rise time of the flip-chip VCSEL array was 218.5 ps, and the architecture of the flip-chip VCSEL with tunnel junction was chosen to accommodate the application of long-range LiDAR. The calculated PCE of such a flip-chip VCSEL was further improved from 51% to 57.8%. The device design concept and forecasting laser characteristics are suitable for LiDAR systems.

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“…There is a growing interest to utilize optical anisotropy in spin lasers, such as the high birefringence [39,41,49,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66], to reach ultrafast operation, faster than the best conventional lasers [42]. Even though such efforts focus on quantum-well based lasers (where a nonlinear optical gain is expected) and scaling them down [58], their current description relies on a widely-used spinflip model [67][68][69][70].…”

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confidence: 99%

Threshold behavior in spin lasers: Spontaneous emission and nonlinear gain

Xu,

Patel,

Žutić

2021

Preprint

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A hallmark of spin-lasers, injected with spin-polarized carriers, is their threshold behavior with the onset of stimulated emission. Unlike the single threshold in conventional lasers with unpolarized carriers, two thresholds are expected in spin lasers. With the progress in scaled-down lasers and the use of novel two-dimensional materials it is unclear if the common description of spin lasers assuming a negligible spontaneous emission and linear optical gain remains relevant or even how to identify the lasing thresholds. Our rate-equation description addresses these questions by considering a large spontaneous emission and a nonlinear optical gain. We provide a transparent approach and analytical results to explore the resulting threshold behavior, its deviation from the prior studies, as well as guide future spin-lasers as a versatile platform for spintronics beyond magnetoresistance.

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Bias current and temperature dependence of polarization dynamics in spin-lasers with electrically tunable birefringence

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Spin Laser Local Oscillators for Homodyne Detection in Coherent Optical Communications

Spin Laser Local Oscillators for Homodyne Detection in Coherent Optical Communications

High-Speed and High-Power 940 nm Flip-Chip VCSEL Array for LiDAR Application

Threshold behavior in spin lasers: Spontaneous emission and nonlinear gain

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